- visual inspection - airflow - palpation - auscultation - percussion

L27: Ruminant Respiratory Dz (MacKay) Flashcards by Sara Prent

PE of resp. System

visual inspection
airflow
palpation
auscultation
percussion

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Advanced diagnostics for resp. System

endoscopy
nasal swabs
nasopharyngeal swabs
TTW
BAL
rads
US

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Most commonly used infectious dz testin

PCR

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Stridor vs. stertor

Stridor: generated by larynx/trachea, high pitched; can be inspiratory or expiratory

Stertor: like snoring, low pitched vibration of nasopharyngeal soft tissues; always inspiratory

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Adventitial sounds

Crackles
Wheezes
Pleural friction rubs

*very seldom heard

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Loud bronchial sounds assoc. with:

ventral bronchopneumonia

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Breathing is normally costoabdominal

Transitions to abdominal only if diseased

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CS of upper resp. Tract diseases

-inspiratory dyspnea (stridor or stertor)
-open mouth breathing + tongue protrusion
-head extension
+/- nasal d/c, lymphadenopathy, cough

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CONGENITAL upper resp. Tract diseases

Pharyngeal or sinus cyst
Cystic nasal turbinates
Skull anomalies
Laryngeal anomalies
Tracheal collapse

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ACQUIRED upper resp. Tract dz of ruminants

FB
Trauma/fracture
Tumors (LSA)
Abscess (larynx, pharynx)
Actinobacillosis/Actinomycosis
Fungal granuloma
Necrotic laryngitis
Sinusitis
Allergic rhinitis
Tracheal edema
Tracheal collapse

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Upper respiratory diseases

allergic rhinitis
pharyngeal trauma
calf diphtheria (oral necrobacillosis, necrotic laryngitis)
sinusitis
tracheal edema syndrome

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Allergic rhinitis (aka Summer Snuffles, Chronic granular rhinitis)

Type I hypersensitivity rxn to plant pollen or fungal spores
common in pastured cattle in spring/summer
Channel Island and Holstein predisposed
6 mo. To 2 yr. old cattle usually

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CS, Dx, Tx of summer snuffles

CS: BAR, profuse bilateral mucoid nasal d/c, nasal pruritus, sneezing, head shaking, resp. Stertor, mouth breathing

Dx: CS, dx of exclusion, cytology of nasal washes has eos

Tx: nothing, prevent exposure, steroids/antihistamines

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Mycotic nasal granulomas

several fungi reported (Rhinosporidium, Aspergillus, Conidiobolus)
no age/breed/seasonal predilection
progressive mucopurulent nasal d/c +/- epistaxis, stertor

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Dx/Tx of mycotic nasal granulomas

Dx: endoscopy, biopsy and culture +/- PCR
Tx: sx removal, sodium iodide, antifungal agents?

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Causes of pharyngeal trauma

Balling/drenching guns
Wires
Rough stemmy feeds
Grass awns

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Common bacteria assoc. with pharyngeal trauma

Trueperella pyogenes**
Actinobacillus spp.
Pasteurella spp
Bordetella spp
Fusobacterium necrophorum

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CS of pharyngeal trauma infection

Fever
Pain during swallowing
Quidding or reluctance to eat solids
Mucopurulent nasal d/c +/- halitosis
Pharyngeal swelling
Resp. Distress
Toxemia
Drooling

Dx/Tx of pharyngeal trauma

Dx:

manual exam
rads
US
endoscopy

Tx:

drainage of pharynx (externally)
tracheotomy if severe
abx, NSAIDs
supportive therapy

Calf diphtheria (aka necrotic laryngitis/oral necrobacillosis) in different aged calves

1) calves 1-4 mo. get infection of soft tissue of oral cavity
- spreads from common utensils or licking

2) calves 3-18 months that are on feed for >30 days** get infection of laryngeal mucosa and cartilage
- sporadic incidence with more cases in fall and winter
- more common in crowded dirty conditions and feedlots

Pathophys. Of calf diphtheria

Mucosal injury to oral cavity from tooth eruption OR
inflammation of URT or laryngeal mucosa from viral infections and coughing leading to laryngeal contact ulcers —-> invasion of bacteria
Fusobacterium necrophorum and Trueperella most common

CS of calf diphtheria

-hypersalivation, reluctance to eat
-fever, depression, hyperemic membranes
+/- abscess in cheek region

-laryngitis –> painful cough, severe inspiratory dyspnea with stridor and open mouth breathing –> eventual obstruction

Dx/Tx of calf diphtheria

Dx based on CS, endoscopy

Tx:

penicillin, ceftiofur
NSAIDs
tracheotomy
arytenoidectomy
supportive care
fair to poor prog.

Causes of sinusitis and which sinus are they in?

dehorning (frontal, common)
tooth root abscess (maxillary)
other: viral, trauma, neoplasia, actinomycosis

CS of sinusitis

- nasal d/c +/- halitosis - anorexia, lethargy, fever - bone distortion, obstructed air flow - erosion of bone and meningitis in neglected cases - 2ary neuro signs

3 things that can cause neuro signs 2ary to sinusitis***

1) invasion through cribiform plate into venous sinuses 2) formation of pituitary abscess 3) formation of subdural abscess

Do maxillary and dorsal conchal sinuses communicate with frontal sinus?

Dx/Tx of sinusitis

Dx: CS, percussion, aspiration of sinuses, rads, endoscopy Tx: lavage and systemic abx +/- trephination, tooth repulsion and/or tooth extraction -penicillin usually sufficient

Tracheal edema syndrome

- causes edema and hemorrhage in the wall of the trachea - kills most of the cattle it effects (due to obstruction of the trachea) - cattle make honking noise before they die - has acute dyspnea and chronic cough forms

Acute dyspnea form of tracheal edema syndrome

- more common in southern feedlots | - causes acute onset dyspnea, stridor, sudden death in

Chronic form of tracheal edema syndrome

- more common in western feedlots - unthrifty, with only occasional deaths - affects caudal 1/3 of trachea

Viral respiratory diseases of cattle

1) infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (BHV1)* - most common 2) bovine respiratroy syncytial virus (BRSV)* 3) bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) 4) parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV-3) 5) coronavirus (BCoV)* 6) BHV* 7) MCF* 8) adenovirus 9) rhinovirus, reovirus, enterovirus * = known to cause death (although rarely)

MCF caused by what viruses

OHV2, AHV1

Transmission of viral respiratory diseases

Direct contact or aerosol

Etiology of viral resp. Dz in beef and dairy cattle

Beef: - more common after arrival at feedlots or stocker/backgrounding operations - disease in suckling calves poorly characterized Dairy: - calves up to 6 months of age** (enzootic pneumonia) - sporadic in adults *have short incubation period, highly contagious

CS/Dx of viral respiratory dz

CS: fever, nasal d/c, cough, malaise Dx: PCR most common; virus isolation, Ag detection, serology

Immunosuppression caused by viral resp. Dz effects:

*innate, and some acquired immunity of the lung: - nasopharyngeal lymphoid tissues - ciliated tracheobronchial epi cells - Tracheobronchial macs - T lymphs

Which respiratory viruses have synergism with Mannheimia?

BHV1 BRSV PI3 BVDV

Bovine herpesviruses and what they cause

BoHV-1 --> infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), infectious pustular vulvovaginitis and balanoposthitis BoHV-2 --> bovine herpes mammilitis BoHV-3 --> bovine cytomegalovirus BoHV-4 --> mild resp. Dz; mammary pustular dermatitis BoHV-5 --> neuro dz in calves

CS of IBR

- fever, nasal d/c, cough, tachypnea - reduced appetite, ptyalism, decreased milk production - conjunctivitis, corneal opacities - pustules, diphteric plaques - hyperemia of muzzle ("rednose") - abortion - 2ary bacterial infection

Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis pathogenesis

- URT epithelial infection - low-level viremia - latency in trigeminal ganglia - droplet spreads up to 4m - causes necrotic rhinolaryngotracheitis +/- repro mucosa - CS not pathognomonic

Vaccination for IBR

- "core" vax - MLV-IM causes rapid lifelong immunity - MLV-IN safe in pregnant cows, calves - killed virus vaccine is cheap but requires booster

Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) etiology

- RNA virus - syncytial cell formation - affects goats and sheep too - causes mild, widespread explosive outbreaks - puts at risk for enzootic pneumonia - has short incubation period and long shedding period

Functional Anatomy of lungs

- well demarcated lung lobes with robust interlobular septa - small total alveolar SA - extensive lymphatic drainage, so pleural effusion is rare - tracheobronchus serves cranial lobes - left lobes: apical and cardiac - right lobes: apical, intermediate, cardiac, accessory, diaphragmatic