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Ruminant Medicine Exam 3 (Spring 2016) > L27: Ruminant Respiratory Dz (MacKay) > Flashcards

L27: Ruminant Respiratory Dz (MacKay) Flashcards

1
Q

PE of resp. System

A
  • visual inspection
  • airflow
  • palpation
  • auscultation
  • percussion
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2
Q

Advanced diagnostics for resp. System

A
  • endoscopy
  • nasal swabs
  • nasopharyngeal swabs
  • TTW
  • BAL
  • rads
  • US
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3
Q

Most commonly used infectious dz testin

A

PCR

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4
Q

Stridor vs. stertor

A

Stridor: generated by larynx/trachea, high pitched; can be inspiratory or expiratory

Stertor: like snoring, low pitched vibration of nasopharyngeal soft tissues; always inspiratory

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5
Q

Adventitial sounds

A

Crackles
Wheezes
Pleural friction rubs

*very seldom heard

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6
Q

Loud bronchial sounds assoc. with:

A

ventral bronchopneumonia

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7
Q

Breathing is normally costoabdominal

A

Transitions to abdominal only if diseased

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8
Q

CS of upper resp. Tract diseases

A

-inspiratory dyspnea (stridor or stertor)
-open mouth breathing + tongue protrusion
-head extension
+/- nasal d/c, lymphadenopathy, cough

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9
Q

CONGENITAL upper resp. Tract diseases

A 
Pharyngeal or sinus cyst
Cystic nasal turbinates
Skull anomalies
Laryngeal anomalies
Tracheal collapse
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10
Q

ACQUIRED upper resp. Tract dz of ruminants

A 
FB
Trauma/fracture
Tumors (LSA)
Abscess (larynx, pharynx)
Actinobacillosis/Actinomycosis
Fungal granuloma
Necrotic laryngitis
Sinusitis
Allergic rhinitis
Tracheal edema
Tracheal collapse
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11
Q

Upper respiratory diseases

A
  • allergic rhinitis
  • pharyngeal trauma
  • calf diphtheria (oral necrobacillosis, necrotic laryngitis)
  • sinusitis
  • tracheal edema syndrome
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12
Q

Allergic rhinitis (aka Summer Snuffles, Chronic granular rhinitis)

A
  • Type I hypersensitivity rxn to plant pollen or fungal spores
  • common in pastured cattle in spring/summer
  • Channel Island and Holstein predisposed
  • 6 mo. To 2 yr. old cattle usually
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13
Q

CS, Dx, Tx of summer snuffles

A

CS: BAR, profuse bilateral mucoid nasal d/c, nasal pruritus, sneezing, head shaking, resp. Stertor, mouth breathing

Dx: CS, dx of exclusion, cytology of nasal washes has eos

Tx: nothing, prevent exposure, steroids/antihistamines

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14
Q

Mycotic nasal granulomas

A
  • several fungi reported (Rhinosporidium, Aspergillus, Conidiobolus)
  • no age/breed/seasonal predilection
  • progressive mucopurulent nasal d/c +/- epistaxis, stertor
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15
Q

Dx/Tx of mycotic nasal granulomas

A

Dx: endoscopy, biopsy and culture +/- PCR
Tx: sx removal, sodium iodide, antifungal agents?

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16
Q

Causes of pharyngeal trauma

A

Balling/drenching guns
Wires
Rough stemmy feeds
Grass awns

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17
Q

Common bacteria assoc. with pharyngeal trauma

A
  • Trueperella pyogenes**
  • Actinobacillus spp.
  • Pasteurella spp
  • Bordetella spp
  • Fusobacterium necrophorum
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18
Q

CS of pharyngeal trauma infection

A 
Fever
Pain during swallowing
Quidding or reluctance to eat solids
Mucopurulent nasal d/c +/- halitosis
Pharyngeal swelling
Resp. Distress
Toxemia
Drooling
19
Q

Dx/Tx of pharyngeal trauma

A

Dx:

  • manual exam
  • rads
  • US
  • endoscopy

Tx:

  • drainage of pharynx (externally)
  • tracheotomy if severe
  • abx, NSAIDs
  • supportive therapy
20
Q

Calf diphtheria (aka necrotic laryngitis/oral necrobacillosis) in different aged calves

A

1) calves 1-4 mo. get infection of soft tissue of oral cavity
- spreads from common utensils or licking

2) calves 3-18 months that are on feed for >30 days** get infection of laryngeal mucosa and cartilage
- sporadic incidence with more cases in fall and winter
- more common in crowded dirty conditions and feedlots

21
Q

Pathophys. Of calf diphtheria

A
  • Mucosal injury to oral cavity from tooth eruption OR
  • inflammation of URT or laryngeal mucosa from viral infections and coughing leading to laryngeal contact ulcers —-> invasion of bacteria
  • Fusobacterium necrophorum and Trueperella most common
22
Q

CS of calf diphtheria

A

-hypersalivation, reluctance to eat
-fever, depression, hyperemic membranes
+/- abscess in cheek region

-laryngitis –> painful cough, severe inspiratory dyspnea with stridor and open mouth breathing –> eventual obstruction

23
Q

Dx/Tx of calf diphtheria

A

Dx based on CS, endoscopy

Tx:

  • penicillin, ceftiofur
  • NSAIDs
  • tracheotomy
  • arytenoidectomy
  • supportive care
  • fair to poor prog.
24
Q

Causes of sinusitis and which sinus are they in?

A
  • dehorning (frontal, common)
  • tooth root abscess (maxillary)
  • other: viral, trauma, neoplasia, actinomycosis
25
Q

CS of sinusitis

A
  • nasal d/c +/- halitosis
  • anorexia, lethargy, fever
  • bone distortion, obstructed air flow
  • erosion of bone and meningitis in neglected cases
  • 2ary neuro signs
26
Q

3 things that can cause neuro signs 2ary to sinusitis***

A

1) invasion through cribiform plate into venous sinuses
2) formation of pituitary abscess
3) formation of subdural abscess

27
Q

Do maxillary and dorsal conchal sinuses communicate with frontal sinus?

A

No

28
Q

Dx/Tx of sinusitis

A

Dx: CS, percussion, aspiration of sinuses, rads, endoscopy

Tx: lavage and systemic abx +/- trephination, tooth repulsion and/or tooth extraction
-penicillin usually sufficient

29
Q

Tracheal edema syndrome

A
  • causes edema and hemorrhage in the wall of the trachea
  • kills most of the cattle it effects (due to obstruction of the trachea)
  • cattle make honking noise before they die
  • has acute dyspnea and chronic cough forms
30
Q

Acute dyspnea form of tracheal edema syndrome

A
  • more common in southern feedlots

- causes acute onset dyspnea, stridor, sudden death in

31
Q

Chronic form of tracheal edema syndrome

A
  • more common in western feedlots
  • unthrifty, with only occasional deaths
  • affects caudal 1/3 of trachea
32
Q

Viral respiratory diseases of cattle

A

1) infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (BHV1)* - most common
2) bovine respiratroy syncytial virus (BRSV)*
3) bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV)
4) parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV-3)
5) coronavirus (BCoV)*
6) BHV*
7) MCF*
8) adenovirus
9) rhinovirus, reovirus, enterovirus

  • = known to cause death (although rarely)
33
Q

MCF caused by what viruses

A

OHV2, AHV1

34
Q

Transmission of viral respiratory diseases

A

Direct contact or aerosol

35
Q

Etiology of viral resp. Dz in beef and dairy cattle

A

Beef:

  • more common after arrival at feedlots or stocker/backgrounding operations
  • disease in suckling calves poorly characterized

Dairy:

  • calves up to 6 months of age** (enzootic pneumonia)
  • sporadic in adults

*have short incubation period, highly contagious

36
Q

CS/Dx of viral respiratory dz

A

CS: fever, nasal d/c, cough, malaise
Dx: PCR most common; virus isolation, Ag detection, serology

37
Q

Immunosuppression caused by viral resp. Dz effects:

A

*innate, and some acquired immunity of the lung:

  • nasopharyngeal lymphoid tissues
  • ciliated tracheobronchial epi cells
  • Tracheobronchial macs
  • T lymphs
38
Q

Which respiratory viruses have synergism with Mannheimia?

A

BHV1
BRSV
PI3
BVDV

39
Q

Bovine herpesviruses and what they cause

A

BoHV-1 –> infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), infectious pustular vulvovaginitis and balanoposthitis
BoHV-2 –> bovine herpes mammilitis
BoHV-3 –> bovine cytomegalovirus
BoHV-4 –> mild resp. Dz; mammary pustular dermatitis
BoHV-5 –> neuro dz in calves

40
Q

CS of IBR

A
  • fever, nasal d/c, cough, tachypnea
  • reduced appetite, ptyalism, decreased milk production
  • conjunctivitis, corneal opacities
  • pustules, diphteric plaques
  • hyperemia of muzzle (“rednose”)
  • abortion
  • 2ary bacterial infection
41
Q

Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis pathogenesis

A
  • URT epithelial infection
  • low-level viremia
  • latency in trigeminal ganglia
  • droplet spreads up to 4m
  • causes necrotic rhinolaryngotracheitis +/- repro mucosa
  • CS not pathognomonic
42
Q

Vaccination for IBR

A
  • “core” vax
  • MLV-IM causes rapid lifelong immunity
  • MLV-IN safe in pregnant cows, calves
  • killed virus vaccine is cheap but requires booster
43
Q

Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) etiology

A
  • RNA virus
  • syncytial cell formation
  • affects goats and sheep too
  • causes mild, widespread explosive outbreaks
  • puts at risk for enzootic pneumonia
  • has short incubation period and long shedding period
44
Q

Functional Anatomy of lungs

A
  • well demarcated lung lobes with robust interlobular septa
  • small total alveolar SA
  • extensive lymphatic drainage, so pleural effusion is rare
  • tracheobronchus serves cranial lobes
  • left lobes: apical and cardiac
  • right lobes: apical, intermediate, cardiac, accessory, diaphragmatic

Ruminant Medicine Exam 3 (Spring 2016) (8 decks)

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