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Ruminant Medicine Exam 3 (Spring 2016) > L26: Ruminant Urology (Reuss) > Flashcards

L26: Ruminant Urology (Reuss) Flashcards

1
Q

Clin path of AKI in SR

A
  • azotemia
  • hypoNa/Cl/Ca
  • HyperP/Mg
  • isosthenuria
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2
Q

Causes of AKI

A
  • drugs
  • pigments
  • oak
  • pigweed
  • ethylene glycol
  • cholecalciferol rodenticides
  • vit. D
  • metals
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3
Q

Acute tubular necrosis from NSAIDs: MOA

A

COX inhibitors –> decreased prostaglandin formation –> enhanced dehydration –> medullary crest necrosis

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4
Q

Pigment nephropathy: MOA

A

Pigments –> vasoconstriction –> ischemia

Tubular obstruction by protein casts
Hydroxyl radical formation
Cortex most susceptible to damage due to increased blood flow

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5
Q

Hemoglobinuria in SR: causes

A
  • PP hemoglobinuria (due to low intracellular P)
  • Bacillary hemoglobinuria (Clostridium)
  • Cu toxicity
  • Selenium deficiency
  • Water intoxication/salt poisoning
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6
Q

Myoglobinuria in SR: causes

A
  • White Muscle dz (vit. E, Se def.)

- Cassia occidentalis (Wild coffee) –> m. Degeneration

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7
Q

Oak Poisoning

A
  • cause of AKI
  • tannins hydrolyzed in rumen to gallic acid
  • CS: constipation, melena, tenesmus
  • azotemia, proteinuria, glucosuria
  • ascites, hydropericardium, hydrothorax
  • Tx: supportive, prevention
  • SRs have tanninase in rumen!
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8
Q

Pigweed Toxicity

A
  • cause of AKI in cattle and swine
  • plant oxalates chelate calcium
  • CS: weakness, tremor, ataxia, recumbency, “perirenal edema”
  • azotemia, proteinuria, hyperK
  • high mortality
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9
Q

Lepto

A

Cause of AKI:

  • renal vascular endothelial damage –> hypoxia, interstitial nephritis –> hemoglobinuria
  • CS: fever, abortion, mastitis, meningitis
  • most common in young animals w/ access to stagnant water
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10
Q

Dx/Tx of lepto

A

Dx: paired titers, urine PCR/serology

Tx: penicillin, ampicillin, ceftiofur, tetracycline

Vaccinate

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11
Q

CS of AKI

A
  • oliguria, PU
  • anorexia, diarrhea, bloat, m. Weakness
  • epistaxis, ammonia breath
  • bitter milk
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12
Q

Causes of urolithiasis

A
  • young castrated males (no testosterone)
  • high concentrate feed
  • estrogenic subtances and Vit. A can be a nidus
  • supersaturation (dec. H2O consumption)
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13
Q

Types of stones and when they form

A

1) Struvite - alkaline pH, high P, high Mg due to pelleted diets
2) Ca phosphate - alkaline urine
3) Ca carbonate - legume diets
4) Silicate - high silica content in grass (Western US)
5) Oxalate - acidic urine (from eating apples, sweet potatoes, pigweed, fescue)

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14
Q

CS of urethral obstruction

A
  • restless, treading
  • vocalize
  • stranguria, dysuria, hematuria
  • rectal prolapse
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15
Q

Small ruminants most commonly get calculi obstruction where?**

A

Neck of bladder

Urethral process

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16
Q

Cattle most commonly get calculi obstruction where?**

A

Sigmoid flexure

17
Q

Urethral rupture –> water belly

Bladder rupture –> ?

A

Abd. Distension, anorexia, colic

More common

18
Q

Clin path of urolithiasis

A

Azotemia
Hemoconcentration
HypoNa, HypoCl
Hyper P/K/Mg

Peritoneal: serum Cr > 2:1 if bladder ruptured

19
Q

Medical tx of urolithiasis

A

0.9% NaCl + Ca

Walpoles’ solution to acidify bladder and dissolve stones (pH 4.5)
-30% recurrence

Amputate urethral process (66% success)

20
Q

Sx options for urolithiasis

A

1) Perineal/ischial urethrostomy (short term solution only for feedlot steer)
2) Tube cystotomy
- best for breeding animals
- need close management
3) BL marsupialization +/- urethrotomy

21
Q

Prevention of urolithiasis

A
  • determine composition of stone
  • Ca:P > 2:1
  • increase forage
  • acidify urine
  • encourage water consumption
  • delay castration
  • avoid estrogenic growth stimulants
  • ammonium chloride (increases excretion of Cl AND Ca, so may predispose to Ca phosphate stones)
  • anionic salts
22
Q

Pizzle Rot

A
  • due to Corynebacterium renale
  • grows in high urinary urea env. 2ary to high protein diet
  • hydrolyzes urea to ammonia –> ulceration
  • can progress to internal form (adhesions, distorted vulvar conformation)
  • contagious
  • tx with abx, reduce protein
23
Q

Pyelonephritis agents

A

1) Corynebacterium renale:
- contagious (trans. Via direct, venereal, iatrogenic)

2) E. Coli
- ascending

3) hematogenous Salmonella, Clostridium, A. Pyogenes, Staph aureus

24
Q

CS of pyelonephritis

A
  • colic, arched, fever, depressed, dec. milk yield

- blood, pus, crystals on vulva

25
Q

Dx/Tx of pyelonephritis

A
  • enlarged painful kidney
  • inc. white count, fibrinogen, globulin
  • azotemia
  • hematuria, proteinuria, bacteriuria, leukocyte casts

Tx: penicillin, ceftiofur >3 wks, quarantine infected

Ruminant Medicine Exam 3 (Spring 2016) (8 decks)

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