L27

Question 1

Location thyroid gland?

Answer 1

-Just below larynx
-anterior and lateral surfaces of the trachea

Question 2

What are the hormones secreted by thyroid gland? And functions

Answer 2

Thyroid Hormone- optimal metabolic activity
Calcitonin- Calcium homeostasis

Question 3

follicles

Question 4

Where are thyroid hormones made?

Answer 4

-Thyroid follicles

Question 5

Where is calcitonin made?

Answer 5

-Clear cells

Question 6

What is Thyroglobulin? TGB?

Answer 6

protein made in thyroid follicles and contrains tyrosine (Y)

Question 7

purpose of iodine

Answer 7

Iodine enters follicle and iodises Tyrosine into T3 and T4

Question 8

What does T3 do?

Answer 8

Active effects on target cells

Question 9

what does T4 do?

Answer 9

Plentiful form, allows for steady supply of T3 hormones

Question 10

What is the carrier protein which T3 and T4 is bound to?

Answer 10

Thyroid binding globulin TBG

Question 11

What happens when Anterior Pituitary signals for release of thyroid hormone?

Answer 11

• Cuts Thyroid hormone out of TGB protein

Question 12

How is thyroid hormone stored?

Answer 12

Attached to TGB as T3 and T4 until needed

Question 13

What is the carrier protein allowing transport via blood of T3 and T4?

Answer 13

-thyroid binding globulin (TBG)

Question 14

What is the carrier protein allowing transport via blood of T3 and T4?

Answer 14

-thyroid binding globulin (TBG)

Question 15

Answer 15

Question 16

What is basal metabolic rate? BMR

Answer 16

Bodies rate of energy expenditure under basal conditions

Question 17

What is basal conditions

Answer 17

Resting, awake, lying down at comfortable temperature, fasted

Question 18

What is thyroid hormone required for?

Answer 18

-growth
-alertness
-metabolism

Question 19

What are the effects of metabolism from thyroid hormone?

Answer 19

-increase body heat production
-stimulates fatty acid oxidation (breakdown of fats)
-Proteolysis (breakdown of muscle)
-increases gluconeogenisis and glycoenolysis

Question 20

Does thyroid hormone increase or decrease blood glucose levels

Answer 20

Neither as the productions and usage of glucose is balanced

Question 21

How is the thyroid hormone stored?

Answer 21

Within follicles, TGB, tyrosine is iodised and stay attached to TGB until signalled otherwise

Question 22

Where does calcium enter and exit?

Answer 22

Eat calcium in food
exits in poop and urine

Question 23

Where does calcium come and go if we need more or less calcium

Answer 23

Resorption from bone (osteoclasts)
Deposition (osteoblasts)

Question 24

What are features that calcium controls

Answer 24

-muscle contraction
-synapse and release of neurotransmitters

Question 25

What three hormones can be involved in calcium regulations?

Answer 25

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) Calcitriol Calcitonin

Question 26

Where does parathyroid hormone come from?

Answer 26

From parathyroid glands

Question 27

Where is the parathyroid located?

Answer 27

Posterior, beans on thyroid

Question 28

Answer 28

Question 29

What does calcitriol do?

Answer 29

-Amplifies effects of Kidney calcium reabsorption and bone break down -Once amplified, inhibits production of more calcitriol

Question 30

What is the inner layer (red) and outer layer (yellow) of adrenal gland called?

Answer 30

inner - medulla outer - cortex

Question 31

Where are the adrenal glands located?

Answer 31

Superior to kidneys

Question 32

There are three layers of the adrenal cortex what do they secrete

Answer 32

Outer: aldosterone Middle: cortisol inner: androgens

Question 33

What does the adrenal medulla secrete?

Answer 33

Adrenaline

Question 34

What effect does an increase of adrenaline have?

Answer 34

supplements the actions of sympathetic nervous system, in times of stress (fight or flight)

Question 35

What method does adrenaline use for hormonal effects?

Answer 35

Second messenger system

Question 36

Is adrenaline a lipid or water-soluble hormone? and is its response fast or slow?

Answer 36

Water soluble Fast

Question 37

Answer 37