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Endocrine system > L25 > Flashcards

L25 Flashcards

1
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Maintaining internal environments to normal range eg temp, blood glucose levels, pH through feedback loops when it’s out of range

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2
Q

What problems can occur because of individual normal range and population normal range

A

Misleading results if a person’s test shows they are within normal population range, but out of personal range.

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3
Q

Features of synaptic (neural signalling) in neural control signals

A

AP along axons release Neurotransmitters at synapse
-Rapid transmission speed
-Need specific ‘wiring’
-good for brief responses

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4
Q

Features of Endocrine (hormonal signalling) in endocrine system

A

Hormone released into blood
-relatively slow transmission speed however longer lasting action
-good for widespread and sustained responses

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5
Q

Where do hormones travel to after entering the blood stream

A

Target cells, in distant tissues and organs that must have appropriate receptors

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6
Q

What is secrete travel target pathway?

A

Endocrine gland cells produce hormones which is secreted by endocrine gland into blood stream, travels to target cells

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7
Q

What are the major endocrine glands

A

-Hypothalamus
-Pituitary gland
-Parathyroid glands
-Thyroid glands
-Adrenal glands
-Pancreas (pancreatic islets

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8
Q

Function of hypothalamus in conjunction with endocrine system

A

-links nervous system to endocrine system
-turns neural signals into endocrine signals
-Controls secretion of many endocrine glands

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9
Q

4 physiological variables maintained homeostatically through hormones

A

-Blood sugar concentration
-Growth and repair
-Basal metabolic rate
-Blood calcium concentration

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10
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical messengers via bloodstream to target location

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11
Q

How do hormones have specific targets?

A

-specific receptors for specific hormone

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12
Q

Receptors are proteins, where can they be with the cell?

A

-embedded in cell membrane
-Inside of target cell

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13
Q

Features of water soluble hormones, eg peptides and catecholamines (adrenaline, noradrenaline) (Chemical classification, storage, transport)

A

-Made and stored until required via exocytosis
-able to move freely dissolved in blood
-unable to diffuse through lipid bilayer

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14
Q

Features of lipid soluble hormones, eg steroid, cortisol and thyroid hormones (Chemical classification, storage, transport)

A

Steroids are made from cholesterol as required (not stored)
Thyroid hormones, made in thyroid cells and stored until required
Both travel in blood, bound to a carrier protein

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15
Q

Where are hormone receptors located on water soluble hormones (peptides and catecholamines)

A

As they cannot cross cell membrane, receptors are located in target cell membrane

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16
Q

Location of hormone receptors on lipid soluble hormones, steroid and thyroid

A

Able to diffuse cell membrane into target cell, so receptors are located in cytoplasm or nucleus

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17
Q

Receptor activation in water-soluble hormones

A
  1. Hormone binds to cell surface receptors
  2. Activates G protein
  3. G protein activates or inhibits second messenger signalling of production/reduction
  4. Downstream proteins are activated or deactivated
18
Q

Lipid soluble hormone receptor activation

A
  1. Dissociation between hormone and protein
  2. Hormone diffuses into the cell
  3. Binds to intracellular receptor (can be in cytoplasm or nucleus. Complex will move to nucleus)
  4. Hormone receptor complex acts as transcription factor
  5. Target gene is activated
  6. New mRNA is synthesises
  7. New protein is synthesised through translation
  8. New protein mediates cell specific response

This process is a slow process takes time

19
Q

Features of WS hormones (Receptors, mechanism of action, speed)

A

-Cell surface
-through 2nd messengers
-milliseconds to minutes

20
Q

Features of LS hormones (Receptors, mechanism of action, speed)

A
  • intracellular receptors in cytoplasm or nucleus
  • altering gene transcription
  • hours to days (due to synthesis of products)
21
Q

What is negative feedback (most common)

A

-Reduce change until stimulus is removed or directly inhibit further release
- Need to maintain hormone levels to maintain effects of hormones

22
Q

What is positive feedback?

A

eg birth
-amplification of change until desired outcome is achieved

23
Q

What does the amount of hormones in blood depends on?

A

-Rate of hormone secretion
-rate of removal from blood

24
Q

What is removal or hormones controlled by?

A

Enzymes in blood or in target cells

25
Q

What is secretion of hormones usually controlled by?

A

Mainly negative feedback loop, occasionally positive.

Homeostatic processes: receptor, control centre, change, eqbm

26
Q

What are endocrine disorders caused by?

A

Too much or little hormone

27
Q

What is within the endocrine gland of pancreas

A

-Pancreatic islets ~1% mass which contain beta and alpha cells

28
Q

function of beta cells

A

Secretes insulin

29
Q

Function of alpha cells

A

secretes glucagon

30
Q

What happens if blood glucose is too high or low? Disorders

A

High: Diabetes
Low: Hypoglycemia

31
Q

Why does the brain need glucose at all times?

A

because its the only fuel the brain uses

32
Q

What are the two metabolic states?

A

Fed and Fasting

33
Q

What is the fed state

A

Cellular uptake of nutrients and anabolic metabolism, from blood ad store away

Synthesis of glycogen, protein, fat

34
Q

What is fasting state?

A

Mobilisation of nutrients and catabolic metabolism, glucose from store then put into blood

Breakdown of glycogen, protein and fat

35
Q

What is the function of insulin and glucagon

A

Maintains blood glucose concentration between

36
Q

Increase in blood glucose concentration leads too..

A

Increase of insulin secretion

37
Q

Decrease in blood glucose concentration leads too..

A

Increase in glucagon secretion

38
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

We have mechanisms able to convert fatty acids and amino acids into glucose

39
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

Cutting of glycogen into glucose to release stored glucose

40
Q

which is faster glycogenolysis or gluconeogenesis

A

glycogenolysis

41
Q

Can glucose be turned back to glycogen?

A

yes

Endocrine system (8 decks)

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