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Physiology Exam 3 > L25: Regulation of Respiration > Flashcards

L25: Regulation of Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

purpose of medullary respiratory centers in brainstem

A

initiate breathing
located in reticular formation of medulla

broken into a dorsal and ventral group

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2
Q

location and purpose of dorsal respiratory group

A

in nucleus of the tractus solitarius — aka dorsal part of medulla

sets basic rhythm of respiration

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3
Q

the nucleus of tractus solitarius is the termination of ?

A

vagal and glossopharyngeal nerves

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4
Q

the dorsal respiratory group receives info from ?

A

peripheral chemoreceptors
baroreceptors
some receptors in lungs

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5
Q

which respiratory groups is mainly associated w/ inspiration and establishes the ramp signal

A

dorsal respiratory group

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6
Q

location of VRG

A

in ventrolateral medulla

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7
Q

rostral part of VRG

A

the botzinger complex

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8
Q

the intermediate portion of the VRG is associated w/ ?

A

dilation of upper airway during inspiration

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9
Q

neurons of caudal region of VRG, synapse w/ ?

A

motor neurons to muscles of forced expiration

mainly internal intercostals

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10
Q

neurons of VRG are totally inactive during?

A

normal quiet respiration

do not participate in basic rhythm oscillation that controls respiration

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11
Q

location of pontine respiratory group

A

2 centers in 2 areas w/in the pons

apneustic center = inferior pons

Pneumotaxic center = superior pons

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12
Q

what are the 2 components of the pontine respiratory group

A

apneustic center

Pneumotaxic center

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13
Q

apneustic center

A

function to limit lung expansion

loss of function = prolonged inspiratory gasps

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14
Q

apneusis

A

prolonged inspiratory gasps

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15
Q

Pneumotaxic center

A

primary function = control switch-off point of inspiratory ramp

controls rate of depth of breathing

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16
Q

the Pneumotaxic center transmits signals to inspiratory center ?

A

dorsal respiratory group

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17
Q

strong vs weak PRG signals

A

strong = 30-40 breaths/min

weak = 3-5 breaths/min

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18
Q

pre-botzinger complex

A

small area of botzinger complex

generates timing of respiratory rhythm
generates pattern

decides length of inspiration/expiration

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19
Q

botzinger complex

A

anterior part of VRG

may be associated w/ coordinating VRG output

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20
Q

which respiratory group establishes the ramp signal?

A

dorsal respiratory group

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21
Q

ramp signal

A

nervous signals transmitted to the inspiratory muscles - mainly diaphragm

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22
Q

ramp signal volume

A

begins weakly
increase steadily for 2 sec
cease abruptly for 3 sec

rate of increase is rapid during heavy respiration

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23
Q

why does the ramp signal cease abruptly?

A

to allow for elastic recoil of lungs and chest wall

aka expiration

24
Q

what is the usual method for controlling the rate of respiration?

A

control limiting point is at which ramp signal suddenly ceases

25
Q

what is the function of the hering-breuer inflation reflex ?

A

a proactive mechanism to prevent excess inflation of the lungs

26
Q

where does the hering-breuer inflation reflex begin?

A

stretch receptors in muscular portions of walls of bronchi/bronchioles

signals sent to DRG
causing inspiratory ramp ceased

27
Q

define apneusis

A

failure to turn off inspiration

resulting in long inspiratory gasps

28
Q

loss of function of which respiratory centers leads to apneusis?

A

apneustic center of the pontine respiratory group that limits lung expansion

29
Q

define hypercapnia

A

increase in CO2 levels

30
Q

define hypoxia

A

decrease in O2 levels

31
Q

decreased activity in chemoreceptors is counterproductive why?

A

it would result in a decrease in gas exchange

32
Q

when do chemoreceptors increase their activity?

A

increase their rate of activity when toxic conditions occur

hypercapnia/hypoxia

33
Q

chemoreceptors are exposed to ______ blood not ______.

A

arterial not venous

34
Q

what ions are mainly responsible for regulating ventilation at sea level

A

pCO2 and H+ ions

pO2 between 60 - 80 mmhg

35
Q

location of central and peripheral chemoreceptors

A

central – ventral surface of medulla

peri – in aortic arch – carotid body receptors

36
Q

central chemoreceptors are indirectly sensitive to ____ levels in blood based upon ___.

A

CO2 levels

pH

37
Q

central chemoreceptor hypersensitivity to CO2 levels lasts for hours but declines with ?

A

renal adjustments to plasma pH

kidneys increase blood bicarbonate levels

38
Q

central chemoreceptors are especially sensitive to ?

A

[H+]
H+ does not easily cross blood brain barrier
but CO2 does

39
Q

peripheral chemoreceptors are sensitive to ?

A

concentrations of o2, co2, H+

40
Q

describe type I glomus cells

A

Chemosensors located close to fenestrated capillaries

41
Q

function of type I glomus cells in high pO2

A

K+ efflux when pO2 is high

cells are hyperpolarized

42
Q

function of type I glomus cells in low pO2

A

K channels close
cells depolarize
Ca channels open
NTs released

43
Q

type II Sustentacular cells

A

play a support role similar to glial cells

44
Q

location and function of slow-adapting pulmonary stretch receptors

A

w/in airways of the lungs

sensitive to stretch of airways

important in controlling respiration in infants and adults during exercise

45
Q

signals from slow-adapting pulmonary stretch receptors

A

signals travel in vagus n to medulla

effects:
terminate inspiration
prolong expiration

46
Q

pulmonary stretch receptors are ?

A

mechanoreceptors

47
Q

location and function of rapidly-adapting pulmonary stretch receptors

A

w/in airways of lungs

sensitive to irritation, foreign bodies and stretch

48
Q

effects of rapidly-adapting pulmonary stretch receptors

A

signals travel in vagus n to brain

signals elicit cough

these receptor signals override normal respiratory control mechanisms

49
Q

J receptors location and function

A

sensory endings in alveolar wall in juxtaposition to pulmonary capillaries - c fibers

sensitive to pulmonary edema

50
Q

J receptors effects

A

signals travel to brain via vagus n

signals elicit coup and tachypnea

this reflex can override normal breathing mechanisms

51
Q

describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing pattern

A

cycles of hyperpnea and apnea, repeat

each cycle is 30s to 2 min long

52
Q

define hyperpnea

A

increasingly deeper and rapid breathing

followed by a gradual decrease

53
Q

define apnea

A

follows hyperpnea resulting in a temporary stop

54
Q

periodic breathing

A

Cheyne-stokes breathing is called this when the apnea segment is replaced w/ hypopnea

55
Q

define hypopnea

A

abnormally small breaths

these breaths are too small to ventilate the lungs

56
Q

define central sleep apnea syndrome

A

when periodic breathing occurs during sleep

caused by damage to central respiratory centers

abnormalities of respiratory neuromuscular apparatus

57
Q

what conditions lead to Cheyne-Stokes breathing?

A

a long delay in transport of blood from lungs to brain

such occurs during cardiac failure

or increased negative feedback that occurs in brain damage

Physiology Exam 3 (10 decks)

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