L23

Question 1

Qualities of Reflex movements

Answer 1

-Rapid reproducible automatic motor response to external stimulus
-Employs Simple neural circuit involving peripheral nerves and spinal cord
-does not require involvment of higher brain centres

Question 2

Qualities of voluntary movements

Answer 2

-Wide variety of movements of varying speed, duration, and complexity
-Typically involves complex patterns of sensory and motor processing
-intended demand (voluntary) in brain and many higher centres involved to control

Question 3

What are proprioceptors

Answer 3

Muscle stretch receptors for mechanical ion gates

Question 4

Breathing, Chewing, and other rhythmic actions are controlled by what and where and why?

Answer 4

Central pattern generators in lower CNS so the information does not burden the brain

Question 5

Function of Thalamus

Answer 5

-Afferent informations goes to thalamus, then to other part of brain where needed. Controls reflexes in response to visual and auditory stimuli

Question 6

Function of hypothalamus

Answer 6

Controls reflex motor patterns related to sexual behaviour, hunger and thirst.

Question 7

Function of Basal Nuclei

Answer 7

-motor planning: organise and plan correct motor sequences for action
-motor initiation: allowing motor signals to pass through thalamus and into primary motor cortex
-motor execution: modify movements initiated by primary motor cortex for smooth movement
-motor inhibition:inhibits unwanted movements from cortex to be executed

Question 8

Function of cerebral cortex

Answer 8

-Plans and initiates voluntary motor action

Question 9

Function of cerebellum

Answer 9

-motor learning: learning and executing motor programmes
-motor timing: timing and coordination of movements
-motor error correction: receives sensory feedback from proprioceptors to detect errors and adjustment movement as needed

Question 10

Brainstem and spinal cord

Answer 10

-controls simple rhythmic Activities and spinal reflexes

Question 11

Function of Prefrontal cortex (front of the Frontal lobe)

Answer 11

-organises thoughts and actions, planning of motor actions
-related to executive functions
(Behaviours require a degree of decision making and location of limb.

Cognitive: Past experiences of action
Social behaviour: Is it socially acceptable?, Decision-making, Risk assessment

Question 11

Function of Prefrontal cortex (front of the Frontal lobe)

Answer 11

-organises thoughts and actions, planning of motor actions
-related to executive functions
(Behaviours require a degree of decision making and location of limb.

Cognitive: Past experiences of action
Social behaviour: Is it socially acceptable?, Decision-making, Risk assessment

Question 12

Function of Cerebellum

Answer 12

-Plans, executes and learns motor programmes (eg How to spike in Badminton)
-Integrates sensory info with planned events
-Organises timing of muscle contractions
-Modifies ongoing activity to make movements smooth

Question 13

Disorders of cerebellum

Answer 13

Forms of ataxia (cerebellum cannot correct errors)
-Drunken gait
-tremor