L2. POLITICAL AND LEADERSHIP STRUCTURES Flashcards
It is defined as the system of norms, values and roles responsible for maintaining social order in the society.
Political Institution
ASPECTS IN MAINTAINING SOCIAL ORDER
It is the political institution that has created ________ _____ or laws that guide our behavior.
formal norms
THREE TYPES OF LAWS
These are formalized norms that emerge in the constitution, the written plan of any government. The constitution describes the broad duties of the government as well as the rights and responsibilities of every citizen.
Constitutional Laws
THREE TYPES OF LAWS
These are laws that have been enacted by a legislative body of the government such as the Congress, and City Councils. A curfew for minors is an example.
Statutory Laws
THREE TYPES OF LAWS
These are unwritten laws built over centuries on local custom and precedent and further developed by judicial decisions. The law originated from judicial branch of government but not from the legislative branch.
Common Laws
ASPECTS IN MAINTAINING SOCIAL ORDER
It is the responsibility of a political institution to apply sanction to those who fail to follow or obey certain norms.
Applying Sanctions
The degree of the sanction depends on the significance of the law being violated. If you violate traffic law, you will be fined but if you kill any person, you will be jailed
ASPECTS IN MAINTAINING SOCIAL ORDER
It is also one of the duties of political institution. If you believe that your best friend gets your money from your bag, you can sue him on court. A judge will decide on the validity of the case. If you are right on your accusation, your best friend can get a jail term and will be obliged to return the money he got from you.
Settling disputes among individuals
Some types of disputes may include inheritances, divorce, property rights, personal liability and bankruptcy
ASPECTS IN MAINTAINING SOCIAL ORDER
Political institution tries to resolve disputes between nations as well. This is done to evade wars between nations. Representatives from both nations will meet and settle the problem peacefully, but sometimes no agreement is arrived at. When two nations fail to settle their dispute, one or both of them may bring the case to an international body.
Settling disputes between nations
This happened in the dispute between the Philippines and China on the islands in the West Philippine Sea. Because the two countries failed to settle the problem within themselves, the Philippines filed a case with the Permanent Court for Arbitration under the United Nations
It is usually very small, oftentimes nomadic group that is connected by family ties and is politically independent. Moving from place to place, usually in search for food, they are most often made up of hunter-gatherers.
Band
They re essential associations of family living together. They are loosely allied by marriage, descent, friendship and common interest. The primary integrating mechanism for these societies is kinship.
Bands
They are extremely egalitarian- all families are essentially equal. There is no economic class differentiation. However, there are often clear status differences based on gender and age.
Bands
Political orgnization where some members may become informal leaders by community consensus reached through casual discussion. These are individuals who stand out for their skills and knowledge.
Bands
They have temporary political power and do not have significant authority over the other adults.
The principle goal of this political organization is to make sure that people get along with each other. Some members may decide to leave to form their own
Bands
It is somewhat more complex than a band. As the population increases, kinship ties and friendship are no longer sufficient to hold society together. They are also the characteristic of some large equestrian and rich aquatic foraging societies.
Tribes
These are groups that cross-cut the society by bringing together a limited number of people. These associations are often in the form of councils, groups of elder men or women who are members of the same age set, warrior societies, religious cults or secret societies
Pan Tribal Associations
The new integrative mechanism of tribes are also called ___ ________ ____________ __ ___________.
pan tribal associations or sodalities
They commonly have village headmen who perform leadership roles but these individuals have relatively limited authority. Political power stems largely from their senior position within kin groups and their ability to persuade or criticize others into doing what they want.
Tribes
They are similar to bands and tribes in being mostly classless societies.
Chiefdoms
They differ in having a more or less permanent, full-time leader with real authority to make decisions for their societies. These leaders are referred to as ______.
Chiefdoms, chiefs
Disputes inevitably arise that cannot be settled by informal means based on kinship and friendship. A _____ usually functions as an arbitrator and judge in these cases
Chiefdoms, chief
An important advantage that chiefdoms have over band and tribal level societies when conflicts arise between them is that they are usually more effective in warfare.
chiefdoms
This is because chiefdoms have a larger population thus leading to a larger military force.
They cannot go back to a tribal level unless their population drops significantly
Chiefdom
They began as chiefdoms and then evolved into more centralized, authoritarian kingdoms when their populations grew into tens of thousands of people
State
While early civilizations had major cultural and historical differences, they created remarkably similar political solutions for dealing with the problems of feeding and controlling large complex societies
State
Ancient ______ were far from being egalitarian. There were a few rich, politically powerful people and many more comparatively poor commoners who had little political influence and almost no possibility of acquiring it. Not uncommonly, the ruler became a God-king with absolute authority
states
He proposed a theory of authority that included three types. He pioneered a path towards understanding how authority is legitimated as a belief system.
Max Weber
He interpreted Weber’s theory to say that legitimate order and authority stems from “different aspects of a single phenomenon- the forms that underlie all instances of ordered human interaction”
Herbert Spencer
THREE TYPES OF AUTHORITY
The ability and right to rule is passed down, often through heredity. It does not change over time, does not facilitate social change, tends to be irrational, inconsistent and perpetuates status quo
Traditional Authority
THREE TYPES OF AUTHORITY
It is based upon the perceived extraordinary characteristics of an individual. It is often the most lasting of regimes because the leader is seen as infallible and any action against him will be seen as a crime against the state. Power legitimized on the basis of a leader’s exceptional personal qualities or the demonstration of extraordinary insight and accomplishment, which inspire loyalty and obedience form followers
Charismatic Authority
THREE TYPES OF AUTHORITY
It is empowered by a formalistic belief in the content of the law or natural law. Obedience is not given to specific individual leader- whether traditional or charismatic- but a set of uniform principles. Weber thought the best example of this authority was a bureaucracy.
Legal - Rational Authority
