L#. SOCIAL AND POLITICAL STRATIFICATION Flashcards
The method of relating people in terms of certain social characteristics and then classifying them into social categories based on these characteristics
Differentiation
The layering of social categories into higher and lower position of prestige or respect.
Social Stratification
The relative social position of persons within a social group, category, geographic region, or social unit.
Social Stratification
SOCIAL CLASSES
Consists of elite families who are the most prolific and successful in their respective areas. (i.e. stockholders, investors, etc.)
Upper Class
SOCIAL CLASSES
These are mostly professional people like lawyers, doctors, managers, owners of small business, executives, etc. They live in spacious houses and value education the most since it is the most important measure of social status.
Middle Class
SOCIAL CLASSES
These are the office and clerical workers, farm employees, underemployed and indigent families. They lived in smaller houses. They are short of revenue, education or trainings, acquaintances and communication, so they depend on their paycheck
Lower Class
The individual’s position in the social structure
Status
The higher or lower positions that come about through social stratification.
Statuses
These are assigned or given by the society or group on the basis of some fixed category, without regard to a person’s abilities or performance. (i.e. sex, family background, race, & ethnic heritage
Ascribed Statuses
This is earned by the individual. You establish which statuses you want, but you struggle and exert more effort with others to get hold of them.
Achieved Statuses
This refers to the evaluation of status. You have this according to your status. The assessment is in your status not on your individual personality or capability.
Prestige
This refers to the assessment of our role behavior. The measure of this depends on how well we carry out our role.
Esteem
According to him, it was the Industrial Revolution that divided the society into two classes.
Karl Marx
It is generally referred to as a number of people who are group collectively because they have similar professional/occupational statuses, amount of prestige or lifestyle.
Social Class
It is the extent to which inequalities are encapsulated in, or influenced by, political structures and processes regarding influence, power and authority.
Political Stratification
The act of moving from one social status to another.
Social Mobility
Political stratification is categorized by _______ __________.
power volume
It is the ability to carry out the spirit to delineate and take charge of activities of other people through various ways (right, violence, authority, etc.).
Power
It means that individuals can change their social class position in the society.
Open class system
If mostly all people remain in the social class rank of their parents then we call it a ________ ______ society
closed class
TYPES OF SOCIAL MOBILITY
The movement of the person within a social class level
Horizontal Mobility
TYPES OF SOCIAL MOBILITY
The movement of the person between social class levels. In other words, the person may either rise or fall in the social class structure.
Vertical Mobility
It is the existence of unequal opportunities and rewards for different social positions or statuses within a group or society.
Social Inequality
It refers to the ways in which socially-defined categories of persons are differentially positioned with regards to access to a variety of social ‘goods’, such as the labour market and other sources of income, the education and healthcare systems, and forms of political representation and participation.
Social Inequality
It is a major contributing factor to social inequality.
Sexism
The deepening division in the roles assigned to men and women, particularly in the economic, political and educational spheres.
Gender inequality
In the United States, during the 19__’s:
__ states did not permit a woman to maintain her own earnings without her husband’s approval.
__ states ruled that a married woman could not make legal contracts.
In _ states, women were banned from serving on juries and;
Many states controlled the kinds of jobs that women could hold.
40, 11, 16, 7
In _____, a group of women led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton, held a convention in Seneca Falls, New York, to discuss women’s rights which marked the start of the women’s suffrage (voting) movement.
1848
In 1844, a group of women led by ___________ _____ __________, held a convention in Seneca Falls, New York, to discuss women’s rights which marked the start of the women’s suffrage (voting) movement.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
They fought hard as they had to rally, demonstrate, and even chain themselves to railings until they finally got the vote in _____.
1920
70 years after the convention, the 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was ratified, thus giving the women the right to vote. The _____ ______ _______________ (.._.) was first introduced into Congress in _____.
Equal Rights Amendment (E.R.A.), 1923
“The Feminine Mystique”
Betty Friedan
Incapability to find complete fulfilment in being a wife, mother, and a homemaker. The need for a “fourth dimension”, or a person having her own rights.
She insisted that women should also have other roles open for them, besides being a wife and a moth
Betty Friedan
19__ – Betty Friedan and other women established __________ _____________ ____ _________ (NOW) to call for necessary reform and to end sex discrimination.
66, National Organization for Women
A legal action by which citizens can force public officials to do the job they are supposed to do.
Writ of mandamus
It is a measure of statistical dispersion intended to represent the income distribution of the nation’s residents, and is the most commonly used measure of inequality
The Gini coefficient
The deepest and longest- lasting economic downturn in the history of western industrialized world. The stock market crashed on October 1929.
The Great Depression
It is a term that represents the sharp decline in economic activity during the late 2000s, which is generally considered the largest downturn since the Great Depression
The Great Recession
He argued that “The challenge for policy is not to eliminate inequality per se but rather to spread economic opportunity as widely as possible.
Ben Bernanke
______ ____________, a United Nations adviser, said the income inequality may have social and political consequences, it reduces the sustainability of economic growth and weakens social cohesion and security.
Amina Mohamed
Suggest that global inequality between countries is more to growth of the world economy than inequality within countries.
Milanovic (2011)
These are members that have more power than other people in the society; set standards and establish the values and norms of the society
Dominant members
They are barred from power, prestige or wealth; usually denied equal treatments by the dominant members of society
Minorities
It is the resistance of equality wherein minorities are deprived of equal treatment and are kept in a lower status by the dominant members of society.
Discrimination
It is a damaging act which can take many forms.
Discrimination
It is a preconceived idea or prejudgment of others that allows us to brand or label them in various pessimistic ways.
Prejudice
Discrimination is an ___ while prejudice is an ____________.
act, attitude
It provides the justification to take actions that might be otherwise considered immoral or unjust.
Prejudice
This refers to our propensity to picture all members of a particular category with the same qualities.
Stereotyping
This is often the result of overgeneralization
Stereotyping
The belief that our own nation, race or group is the best. The consequence is we suppose that other groups or societies are inferior to our own.
Ethnocentrism
A situation wherein people encounter problems they do not know how to solve which leads to frustration and then aggression.
SCAPEGOATING
__________ are often the subject of scapegoating since they lack power and status on the society.
Minorities
The thinking that one’s own race is superior and has the right to control or direct others.
Racism
It helps maintain the myth that other people are inferior because of certain differences.
Racism
People whose cultural backgrounds differ from what is dominant in a particular society.
Ethnic Minorities
How do people become minorities? (3)
Migration, colonialism, annexation.
When people move or migrate, they are commonly called as _____________ __ ___ ____ ________. Migration could be voluntary or involuntary
minorities in the new society.
This happens when people from other country settled in a new land and decided to take control over the society. This is usually due to the thirst for economic gain.
Colonialism
Citizens can be a minority when their country is joined to other nations. This could be voluntary or involuntary. This usually happens after a war has ended.
Annexation
Most tremendous form of rejection or most
brutal treatment for minorities. This pursues killing.
Extermination
It is the elimination of the minority group form the dominant society. They were usually sent to an unused tract of land.
Expulsion
This is the spatial separation of the minorities. It involves housing, schools, jobs, transportation, restrooms, theatres, and restaurants.
Segregation
It is the acceptance and recognition of cultural differences in subgroups with no one dominating the others.
Cultural Pluralism
This refers to the blending of the minorities to the dominant society. They wanted to be like the dominant members of the society.
Assimilation
This sometimes happen as assimilation occurs. It is the blending through accepted intermarriage. Through this, the differences of the dominant and the minorities disappear.
Amalgamation
It is a disability that limits the physical function of the limbs, fine bones, or gross motor ability.
Physical Disability
It ranges from mental retardation to cognitive deficits too mild or too specific. It may appear in any age
Intellectual Disability
A psychological or behavioral pattern generally associated with subjective distress
Mental and Emotional Disability
Any disability that results in problems with growth and developments
Developmental
Several chronic disorders (diabetes, asthma, inflammatory bowel diseases, epilepsy, narcolepsy, fibromyalgia, and sleep disorders)
Non-visible
