L2 Neuroanatomy 1

Question 1

What are the major movement types?

Answer 1

Simple pattern reflexes, complex postural (reflex) adjustments, voluntary movements

Question 2

Organisation of simple pattern reflexes

Answer 2

involve spinal cord circuits only - automated, unlearned and stereotyped reflexes (no cortical input)

Question 3

Organisation of complex postural adjustments

Answer 3

involve spinal cord and supraspinal centers (brainstem and cerebellum) - not stereotyped reflexes (flexible and adaptive reflexes, mostly coordinate action with voluntary movements, requires cortical input for coordination of actions

Question 4

Organisation of voluntary movements

Answer 4

involve spinal cord, brainstem and motor cortex

Question 5

Upper motoneurons

Answer 5

1st order motor neurons: cortical motoneurons (completely within CNS), motoneurons of brainstem nuclei

Question 6

Lower motoneurons

Answer 6

α- & γ-motoneurons of spinal anterior horn, motor neurons of cranial nerves in brainstem, cell bodies are in CNS but majority of axon is in PNS

Question 7

organisation of nerve fibres within an axon

Answer 7

nerve fibre wrapped in endoneurium
bunch of nerve fibres = fascicles (wrapped in perineurium)
bunch of fascicles = nerve (wrapped in epineurium)

Question 8

afferent vs efferent neurons

Answer 8

afferent = sensory (dorsal ganglia); efferent = motor (cell body in CNS)

Question 9

nerve

Answer 9

bunch of neurons in the PNS

Question 10

tract

Answer 10

bunch of neurons in the CNS

Question 11

two types of nerves

Answer 11

spinal (originating from spinal cord) and cranial (from the brain)

Question 12

types of spinal cord and spinal nerves

Answer 12

31 pairs: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral and 1 coccygeal

Question 13

dermatome and myotome (dermamyotome)

Answer 13

area in skin/group of muscles that is mainly supplied by a single spinal nerve

Question 14

peripheral nerves and spinal nerves

Answer 14

peripheral nerves often consist of multiple spinal nerves (plexi)

Question 15

spinal nerves that control the diaphragm

Answer 15

C3, C4 and C5 (phrenic nerve)

Question 16

Cranial nerves

Answer 16

12 pairs: olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal
mnemonic: out of options, they travelled and found voldemort guarding virtually sealed horcruxes

Question 17

olfactory

Answer 17

I: sensory for nose (cerebral)

Question 18

optic

Answer 18

II: sensory for eye (cerebral)

Question 19

oculomotor

Answer 19

III: eye muscles motor (midbrain)

Question 20

trochlear

Answer 20

IV: eye muscles motor (midbrain)

Question 21

trigeminal

Answer 21

V: sensory for face and motor for mastication (pons)

Question 22

abducens

Answer 22

VI: eye muscles - lateral rectus motor (pons)

Question 23

facial

Answer 23

VII: motor for face and taste sensation (pons)

Question 24

vestibulocochlear

Answer 24

VIII: balance and sensory for ears (pons and/or medulla)

Question 25

glossopharyngeal

Answer 25

IX: mostly sensory for tongue and pharynx areas (medulla) - moves stylopharyngeal muscle

Question 26

vagus

Answer 26

X: “the wanderer” sensory - parasympathetic system and motor - throat and voicebox (medulla)

Question 27

accessory

Answer 27

XI: motor for sterno-cleidomastoid and trapezius muscles

Question 28

hypoglossal

Answer 28

XII: motor for tongue

Question 29

sympathetic and parasympathetic anatomical division

Answer 29

thoracolumbar outflow and craniosacral outflow respectively

Question 30

ganglia

Answer 30

collection of cell bodies in PNS

Question 31

sympathetic nervous system

Answer 31

ganglia lines the spinal cord - “sympathetic trunk”
white rami: more myelin - preganglionic nerves
grey rami: postganglionic nerves

Question 32

parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 32

ganglia are close to target viscera

Question 33

important parasympathetic cranial nerves

Answer 33

III, VII, IX and X