L2 Neuroanatomy 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the major movement types?

A

Simple pattern reflexes, complex postural (reflex) adjustments, voluntary movements

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2
Q

Organisation of simple pattern reflexes

A

involve spinal cord circuits only - automated, unlearned and stereotyped reflexes (no cortical input)

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3
Q

Organisation of complex postural adjustments

A

involve spinal cord and supraspinal centers (brainstem and cerebellum) - not stereotyped reflexes (flexible and adaptive reflexes, mostly coordinate action with voluntary movements, requires cortical input for coordination of actions

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4
Q

Organisation of voluntary movements

A

involve spinal cord, brainstem and motor cortex

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5
Q

Upper motoneurons

A

1st order motor neurons: cortical motoneurons (completely within CNS), motoneurons of brainstem nuclei

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6
Q

Lower motoneurons

A

α- & γ-motoneurons of spinal anterior horn, motor neurons of cranial nerves in brainstem, cell bodies are in CNS but majority of axon is in PNS

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7
Q

organisation of nerve fibres within an axon

A

nerve fibre wrapped in endoneurium
bunch of nerve fibres = fascicles (wrapped in perineurium)
bunch of fascicles = nerve (wrapped in epineurium)

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8
Q

afferent vs efferent neurons

A

afferent = sensory (dorsal ganglia); efferent = motor (cell body in CNS)

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9
Q

nerve

A

bunch of neurons in the PNS

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10
Q

tract

A

bunch of neurons in the CNS

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11
Q

two types of nerves

A

spinal (originating from spinal cord) and cranial (from the brain)

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12
Q

types of spinal cord and spinal nerves

A

31 pairs: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral and 1 coccygeal

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13
Q

dermatome and myotome (dermamyotome)

A

area in skin/group of muscles that is mainly supplied by a single spinal nerve

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14
Q

peripheral nerves and spinal nerves

A

peripheral nerves often consist of multiple spinal nerves (plexi)

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15
Q

spinal nerves that control the diaphragm

A

C3, C4 and C5 (phrenic nerve)

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16
Q

Cranial nerves

A

12 pairs: olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal
mnemonic: out of options, they travelled and found voldemort guarding virtually sealed horcruxes

17
Q

olfactory

A

I: sensory for nose (cerebral)

18
Q

optic

A

II: sensory for eye (cerebral)

19
Q

oculomotor

A

III: eye muscles motor (midbrain)

20
Q

trochlear

A

IV: eye muscles motor (midbrain)

21
Q

trigeminal

A

V: sensory for face and motor for mastication (pons)

22
Q

abducens

A

VI: eye muscles - lateral rectus motor (pons)

23
Q

facial

A

VII: motor for face and taste sensation (pons)

24
Q

vestibulocochlear

A

VIII: balance and sensory for ears (pons and/or medulla)

25
glossopharyngeal
IX: mostly sensory for tongue and pharynx areas (medulla) - moves stylopharyngeal muscle
26
vagus
X: "the wanderer" sensory - parasympathetic system and motor - throat and voicebox (medulla)
27
accessory
XI: motor for sterno-cleidomastoid and trapezius muscles
28
hypoglossal
XII: motor for tongue
29
sympathetic and parasympathetic anatomical division
thoracolumbar outflow and craniosacral outflow respectively
30
ganglia
collection of cell bodies in PNS
31
sympathetic nervous system
ganglia lines the spinal cord - "sympathetic trunk" white rami: more myelin - preganglionic nerves grey rami: postganglionic nerves
32
parasympathetic nervous system
ganglia are close to target viscera
33
important parasympathetic cranial nerves
III, VII, IX and X