L2- mouth and oesophagus Flashcards
The function of the mouth and oesophagus
- these functions depends on the presence of saliva
-chewing (mastication taste swallowing lubrication digestion speech protection of the body against cavities in the mouth
what glands can saliva come from
- parotid
- submandibular
- sublingual
structure of the salivary glands
- acinar cells - produces enzymes
- goblet cells - produce mucus, water and electroyltes
- like the structure of exocrine glands
- the acinus is put into intercalated ducts then into striated ducts then excretory ducts then large collecting ducts that opens into the mouth.
features of parotid glands
- largest one of glands
- have only serous cells
- produces watery secretion
- high content of alpha amylase but little mucous
features of submandibular
- have mixed serous and mucous cells
- viscous secretion containing aplha maylase and lysosomes
features of sublingual
- have mucous cells in the acini
- producecs viscous and mucous secretions
why is mucous produced in terms of its roles
- lubrication of the food going down
- hydration of the oral cavity
- cytoprotection against damage and pathogens
composition of the saliva
- ions
-water
-calcium phosphates
-enzymes
-glycoproteins
immunoglobulins
-
immune function of the saliva
- has immunoglobulins that protects against the pathogens
-
what is there for the protection role of the saliva
- lysozyme - attacks the batcerial cell wall
- lactroferrin - binds to iron
- IgA- binds to pathogenic antigen
why is the saliva alkaline
- acinar cells secretes K and HCO3 ions and extracts Na and Cl ions
- is alkaline because it protects the teeth against bacterial acid and neutralises the stomach acids
what part of the NS controls the saliva secretions
PNS predominantly - 7th and 9th cranial nerves
-SNS for thoracic sympathetic
anatomy of the oesophagus (OESO)
- top third is skeletal muscle or straited muscle
-lower 2 thirds is smooth muscle - ## both muscles innervated by vagus nerve
phases of swallowing
- oral preparatory phase - food reduced to be swallowed
- oral phase - tongue propels food to the back
- pharyngeal phase - pharyngeal swallow triggered and the food in transported down the pharynx
- glottis (opening of the vocal cords in the windpipe) is closed
- breathing stops momentarily
- upper oeso shpincter (UOS) relaxes and opens to let the food through
- oeso phase - peristalsis moves the food down the oeso to the lower oeso sphincter (LOS)
structure inside of the oeso
mucosa - innermost
inner circular
outer longitudinal muscle - outermost
what IS GORD
- symptoms or mucosa damage produced by the reflux in the oeso
causes of GORD
- obesity
- hiatus hernia
- pregenancy
- drugs that relaves LOS
what are the two types of hernia
- sliding - stomach acid goes up into the thorax
- rolling - creates a bubble in the stomach so the acid goes in there
symptoms caused by GORD
- heartburn - burning sensation
- cough
- dysphagia
effects of gord
- the acid reflux can irritate the mucosa of the OESO and results in
- oesophagitis
- stricture
- barret’s malphasia
- oesophageal adenocarcinoma (OAC)
diagnosis
-pH monitoring
treatment of GORD
- weight loss
- decrease acid by proton pump inhibitors and H2 inhibitors
- surgery for anti reflux
how is BM developed
the oeso is irritated by the reflux and becomes erosive oesophagitis
- then becomes BM
- the epithelium of the oeso changes from squamous to columnar
diagnosis for detection of having a risk towards OAC
- swallowing a capsule which is degrdaed by the acid and becomes a sponge
- the sponge is taken upwards and scraps the cells off the oeso
- those cells can be used for detection since we can see if it changed from squamous to columnar
