L2 Flashcards
MARS Model
Motivation
Ability
Role perceptions
Situational factors
What is motivation?
The forces within a person that affect his or her (DIP) direction, intensity and persistence of voluntary behaviour.
What is ability? (Competencies)
The characteristics and capabilities required to successfully complete a task.
What are role perceptions?
The extent to which people understand the job duties assigned to or expected of them.
What are situational factors?
Environmental conditions beyond the individual’s short-term control that affect behaviour. E.g. Time, people, budget, work facilities.
What are human values?
Enduring (long-lasting) beliefs that guide a person’s preferences for outcomes or courses of action in a variety of situations.
Types of Human Values.
- Terminal: End goals e.g. Happiness, love, pleasure, self-respect, freedom.
- Instrumental: means to achieve your terminal values. E.g. Ambition, honesty, self-sufficiency, courage.
- There are a lot more values than terminal and instrumental.
Intrinsic and Extrinsic work values
- Intrinsic: work values that are related to the nature of work itself. E.g. Challenging work, being creative.
- Extrinsic: work values that are related to the consequences of work. E.g. High pay, job security, benefits.
What are the individual characteristics?
- Personality
- Values
- Perceptions
- Emotions and attitudes
- Stress
What is cultural relativism?
Ethical behaviour is always determined by cultural context. “When in Rome, do as the Romans do.” Don’t come into a country and impose your values in their country, follow their rules.
What is cultural universalism?
Behaviour that is unacceptable in one’s home environment should not be acceptable anywhere else.
“Don’t do anything you wouldn’t do at home.”
What is ethical behaviour?
What is accepted as good and right in the context of the governing moral code.
Law and ethical behaviour.
- Legal behaviour is not necessarily ethical behaviour.
- Law often represents an ethical minimum.
- Ethics often represent a standard that exceeds the legal minimum.
- Frequent but minimal overlap between ethics and law.
Utilitarianism
- Greatest good to the greatest number of people.
- Limitations - can be difficult to quantify all benefits vs. costs
- 2 key forms: Act utilitarianism and Rule Utilitarianism
Act Utilitarianism
- Rejects view that actions/behaviours can be classified as right or wrong in themselves.
- E.g. “lying is ethical if it produces more good than bad.”
