L19: Anatomy And Cancer Flashcards
What is a neoplasm
An abnormal mass of tissue due to excess cell division more than it should be
What are the features of benign tumours
Benign is innocent, localised, affects surrounding tissue by mass effect and never metastasises
What are the features of malignant tumours
Agressive
Invades local tissue
Can metastasise
What are the basic concepts of tumours
Parenchyma
Stroma
What does the parenchyma include
Clonal expansion if neoplastic cells
What is stroma
Non neoplastic connective tissue and blood vessels
What is a desmoplasia
When the stroma catches up with the neoplastic cells and contains stroma
What are the 2 main tissue origins of tumours
Epithelial
Mesenchyme
What is the suffix of malignant tumours from epithelial cells
Carcinoma
What is the suffix for malignant tumours derived from mesenchyme cells
Sarcoma
What are teratomas
Neoplasms debrief from embryonic germ cells
What does classification of tumours depend on
Differentiation- grading
Metastasis
Behaviour
Growth rate
What does anaplasia mean
Cells that are not well differentiated and you can’t tell their origin
To see if tumours are well differentiated what do we look at
Size and shape Abnormal nuclear morphology Abundant atypical mitosis Loss of polarity Tumour giant cells Ischemic necrosis
What are tumour giant cells
When the nucleus division if quick than the cytoplasmic division so the cell contains multiple nuclei
What is ischaemic necrosis
Tumour cells that undergo rapid division and blood supply is not enough so the cells necrose
What can the growth rate of tumours be like
Slow
Slow growing with phases of rapid growth
Rapid
What does the growth rate of cells depend on
The cell turnover rate
Growth fraction
What is a growth fraction
Actively growing cells within the tumour
What is the differentiation of rapidly growing cells like
Poorly differentiated
What is the differentiation of slow growing tumours like
Well differentiated
Do benign tumours penetrate the capsule or surrounding tissue
No
Do malignant tumours infiltrate the surrounding tissue
Yes
Do malignant tumours have a define capsule
No
Do benign tumours have a defined capsule
Yes
If malignant cells infiltrate the surrounding tissue how is it surgically resected
By removing the tumour itself and health margin
What is metastasis
When the tumour cells detaches from the primary origin and travel to a different organ to colonise there
Which tumours can metastasis
Malignant tumours
What are the 3 spread of route of cancer
1) direct/local spread
2) lymphatic spread
3) haemotogenous spread
What is direct/local spread
When the tumour cells compress or invade the surrounding structures
What is lymphatic spread
Tumours cells spread via Lymph vessel and deposit in lymph nodes
What is haemotogenous spread
Tumour cells spread via venous drainage
Why does tumour cells spread via venous drainage
Because veins drain away the organs so can carry the deposit of the organ
Where can the from direct spread be to
1) through wall of primary organ by invading the capsule
2) adjacent organs
2) walls of the primary organ
What is peritoneal spread
A type of direct spread by seeding
What is a transcoelamic spread
When cancer cells cross over the peritoneal cavity and are deposited on the other side of the cavity
What is the organisation of the lymphatic system like
Capillaries
Lymph vessels
Lymph nodes
Lymph trunks
What are the 2 groups of lymph nodes
Superficial
Deep
What does superficial lymph nodes involve
Skin
Mucous membrane
Serous lining
What does deep lymph nodes involve
Organs
What do lymphatic trunks drain into
Lymphatic ducts
What are the 2 lymphatic ducts
Right lymphatic duct
Thoracic duct
Where does the right lymphatic duct drain into
The right venous angle
Where does the thoracic duct drain into
Left Venous angle
What is the venous angle
The junction between the internal jugular vein and subclavian vein
Where does the thoracic duct begin
At the cisterns chyli
How does lymphatic spread occur
1) Cells detach from the primary tumour and enter lymph capillaries
2) cells colonise the lymph nodes
What are sentinel lymph nodes
The first group of lymph nodes that drain the tumour
What can we do to sentinel lymph nodes to determine the diagnosis of cancer
Biopsy
What is the sentinel node for breast cancer
Axillary lymph nodes
What is the main organ that has metastasis through the vein
Liver
Where does lungs receive blood from
The heart
Where does the heart receive its blood from
Systemic circulation
Where can structures draining into the systemic circulation metastasis
The lungs
