Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CAN > L03: Tumour Biology > Flashcards

L03: Tumour Biology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of metastasis

A

A tumour that deport discontinuous with the primary tumour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What must a cell be able to do to for metastasis

A

1) Detach from primary tumour
2) Invade the extracellular matrix by breaking through the basement membrane
3) adhere to the endothelium within the blood vessels
4) extravasate to secondary sites
50 colonise and survive in the secondary organ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How do cells detach from the primary tumour

A

Adhesion molecules between the cells become downregulated or lost in the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Name an adhesion molecule that is downregulated in epithelial cancer

A

E-Cadherin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the role of e-Cadherin

A

Adhere 2 cells together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What molecule is part of e-Cadherin

A

Beta catenin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

If we lose e-Cadherin what can happen to beta-catenin

A

Become free

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

In a normal cell what happens if beta-catenin becomes free and is no longer part of e-Catherine

A

A complex that involved APC degrades it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is APC

A

Tumour supressor gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Why is free beta catenin dangerous

A

Floating b catenin can cause it to bind to transcription factors and promote oncogenes transcription

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which oncogenes can become transcribed

A

MYC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does MYC or oncogenes lead to

A

Uncontrolled proliferation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

If in a tumour we have loss of e-Cadherin and loss of APC that degrades beta-catenin what can happen

A

Beta catenin will become freely available to drive oncogenes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Overall what does the loss of e-cadherin and loss of apc show

A

Knock on effects to the loss of e-Cadherin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

After the loss of adhesion what happens to the tumour for it to metastasis

A

Invade the surrounding connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What allows the the breakage of basement membrane to have the cell filter to the stroma

A

Degrading enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the degrading enzymes known as

A

Matrix metalioproteinases (MMPs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are MMPs secreted by

A

Tumour cells
Or
Stroma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What causes the stroma to release MMP’s

A

Soluble factors produced by pre-malignant dysplastic epithelium

20
Q

What specific feature within the stroma produces MMPs

A

Activated fibroblasts

21
Q

What is epithelial mesenchyme transition

A

A normal process that is seen in wound healing where epithelial cells are damaged and remaining epithelial cells form to mesenchymal cells to proliferate

22
Q

What happens to the mesenchymal cells that proliferate in EMT

A

Reverse back to epithelial morphology

23
Q

In cancer what happens to the EMT process

A

Cancer called hijack EMT and enable cancer cells to migrate through the extracellular environment

24
Q

After the cancer has invaded the stroma what happens next

A

Intravasation through leaky cell junctions

25
Q

What happens when the cell has invaded the vasculature

A

The cells enter smaller capillaries as they flow in the blood and slow down by size restriction

26
Q

When cells slow down by size restriction what happens to the cell so it become extravated to the secondary site

A

Adhere to the endothelium through receptor ligand interactions

27
Q

Is cancer spread to specific sites random

A

No

28
Q

Why is the cancer spread not random

A

Due to the seed and soil hypothesis

29
Q

What is the seed and soil hypothesis

A

Metastatic tumours metastasize where the micro-environment is favourable just like a seed will only grow if it lands on fertile soil

30
Q

Do all circulating tumours give rise to metastatic disease

A

No because it can become detected and destroyed by the immune system

31
Q

What allows the secondary site to be favourable for a cancer cell

A

Metastatic niche

32
Q

What is a metastatic niche

A

When the primary tumour cells secrete factors that act on secondary sites to modify the environment and recruiting host immune cells so the cancer cells can proliferate there later on

33
Q

What type of condition does a tumour usually have

A

Hypoxia

34
Q

Which specific region of the tumour is hypoxic

A

Inside of the tumour i.e necrotic tumour

35
Q

If tumour cells are hypoxic how do they respond

A

By initiating angiogenesis

36
Q

What is angiogenesis

A

New formation of blood vessels

37
Q

Which transcription factor controls angiogenesis

A

HIF

38
Q

What does angiogenesis allow

A

Supplies oxygen and nutrients to the necrotic tumour and takes away its waste
Increases survival

39
Q

Apart from angiogenesis what does the hypoxic response also do

A

Switch from areobic to anaerobic respiration

40
Q

If anaerobic respiration is occuring where does most of the energy come from

A

Glycolysis

41
Q

What does glycolysis involve

A

Upregulating glucose

42
Q

How can we visualise tumours using the knowledge on glycolic switch

A

1) Give a patient glucose analogue called flurodeoxyglucose

2) screen with a PET scan

43
Q

What does glycosis of tumour cells enable

A

Compete with normal cells for scarce glucose supply

44
Q

If cancer cells compete for glucose with normal cells, what happens to normal cells

A

Cell death

45
Q

What by-product is produced as a result of anaerobic respiration

A

Lactic acid

46
Q

What can lactic acid do to the environment that leads to further death of normal cells

A

Acidify it

CAN (25 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions