L13: Pathology Of Cancer- Classification Of Neoplasms Flashcards
What is a neoplasms
A mass of cell that:
- undergone irreversible change from normality
- proliferate in an uncoordinated manner
- partially or completely independent of factors which control normal growth
Does the neoplastic growth continue even if initiating stimulus e.g smoking or uv radiation is withdrawn
Yes
What is the definition of cancer
A malignant neoplasm
What are the 4 ways in classifying neoplasms
1) behavioural i.e benign or malignant
2) histogenesis i.e differentiation
3) histological
4) functional
When is a neoplasm malignant
- local invasion of surrounding tissue
- spread to distant sites to form metastasis via lymphatic or blood stream
Is staging and grading the same
No they have 2 distinct meanings
When is staging used
In the context of malignant neoplasm to estimate the spread
How many staging system do we have
Various depending on the disease
What staging system is used in general
TNM
What does TNM stand for
Tumour
Nodes
Metastasis
What does histogenesis mean
Differentiation
What are the main 2 tissues in the body
Epithelial
Mesenchymal
What cell forms the majority of malignant cancers
Epithelial
What does mesenchymal cells of majority form
Bening neoplasms
What does differentiation mean
The degree to which neoplasms histologically resembles its tissue of origin
What is the differentiation of benign tumours like
Well differentiated that resembles the tissue they originated from
What is the differentiation of malignant neoplasms like
Poorly differentiated
What is grading
A term used to describe the degree of differentiation
How many grades do we have for differentiation
3 grades
What is grade 1
Well differentiated
What is grade 2
Moderately differentiated
What is grade 3
Poorly differentiated
How does poorly differentiated neoplasms behave
Aggressively
What is a malignant tumour that is poorly differentiated that its impossible to determine its histogenesis called
Anaplastic
What are malignant epithelium tumours end in
Carcinoma
What is a benign squamous cell tumour
Squamous cell papilloma
What is a malignant squamous cell tumour
Squamous cell carcinoma
What does benign tumours end in
Oma
What are malignant glandular tissue tumour called
Adenomcarcinoma
What is a thyroid
A gland
What must the thyroid gland cancer be classed as
Adenocarcinoma
Are thyroid gland classed as adenocarcinoma
No
What are thyroid glands classed according to
Histological appearance
What are the 3 histological subtypes of thyroid carcinoma
Papillary - finger like structures
Follicular
Anaplastic - doesnt resemble anything
Why are thyroid carcinomas classed based upon histological appearance
It correlates with the route of spread and prognosis
What is the common route of spread of a histological subtype of papillary
Lymphatic
What is the prognosis of papillary
Very good
What is the route of spread of a follicular histological subtype
Bone
What is the prognosis of follicular histological subtype
Good
What is the route of spread of anaplastic
Local invasion
What is the prognosis of anaplastic
Poor
When we classify tumours based upon their function, what do we look at
Substances i.e hormones produced by the neoplasm
What are insunlinomas
Insulin producing pancreatic islet cell neoplasm
What are prolactinoma
Prolactin producing anterior pituitary neoplasm
What are other tumours
Teratomas
Embryonic tumours
Hamartoma
What are teratomas
Neoplasms derived from embryonic germ cells
What does teratomas occurs in
Ovary
Testis
Midline structures
What does teratomas have the capacity to do
Differentiate into 3 germ cell layers
Are ovary teratomas usually benign or malignant
Benign
Are testis teratomas usually benign or malignant
Malignant
What are embryonic tumours derived form
Multi potent embryonic cells from developing organs
What is the suffix for embryonic tumours
Blastoma
What are hamartomas
Tumour like manifestations
What happens to hamartomas if they present at birth
Stop growing when the host stops growing
