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CAN > L07: Diagnosis And Treatment Of Cancer > Flashcards

L07: Diagnosis And Treatment Of Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 diagnostic pathway for diagnosing cancer

A

Symptomatic e.g weight
Screening test
Incidental of a different symptom

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2
Q

What are the 4 methods to diagnose cancer

A

History taking
Imaging
Blood test
Tissue biopsy

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3
Q

List the common symptoms that might suggest the types of cancer

A
  • Change in bowel or bladder habits (for stomach, colon, pancreatic cancer)
  • a sore that does not heal with unusual shape and fail smelling discharge (skin cancer)
  • unusual bleeding when passing urine (bladder, kidney cancer)
  • breast lump or thickening (breast cancer)
  • indigestion or difficulty in swallowing (throat or oesophageal cancer)
  • extreme fever with night sweat (lymphoma)
  • persistent cough or hoarseness (lung cancer)
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4
Q

What are the common symptoms of lung cancer

A 
Cough 
Breathlessness 
Pain 
Loss of appetite 
Coughing up blood
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5
Q

If someone has these symptoms what also should be explored

A

Smoking status
Occupational exposure to chromium, arsenic and asbestos
Characteristic of symptom i.e has anything changed

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6
Q

What are the signs of local spread in lung cancer

A

Obstruction to superior vena cava
Horners syndrome: pupil is small, droopy eyelid
Pancoast syndrome

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7
Q

If there is ectopic hormone production what can it present as

A

Cushing’s syndrome

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8
Q

What are the major symptoms of colon cancer

A 
Change in bowel habits 
Red blood dark, red or black 
Discomfort in abdomen 
Weight loss 
Anaemia
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9
Q

After an clincal examination what sort of imaging can be done

A

Ultrasound
Ct scan
MRI scan
Radio isotope scans

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10
Q

Which imaging is 3D

A

Ct scan

MRI scan

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11
Q

Name some example of radio isotope scans

A

Bone scans
Pet scan
MIBG scan

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12
Q

What is radio-isotope scans for

A

Metastatic cancer

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13
Q

If there is a mass upon imaging what is done next

A

Tissue biopsy

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14
Q

When we do blood tests for patients with cancer what do we look for

A

Tumour markers

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15
Q

Give an example of tumour marker for prostate cancer

A

Prostate specific antigen (PSA) cancer

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16
Q

What is the NICE guideline for rapid referral

A

If you have symptoms of cancer you should be seen in 2 week wait referral for further investigation

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17
Q

Before giving treatment to a patient with cancer what do we have to do

A

Stage

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18
Q

What is staging based on

A

Size and location and spread of the cancer

19
Q

What system do we use to stage cancer

A

TNM

20
Q

What does TNM stand for

A 
T= tumour Size 
n= lymph nodes
M= metastases
21
Q

How many T stages are there

A

4

22
Q

What does t1 mean

A

Invades the mucosa

23
Q

What does t2 mean

A

Invades the muscularis propria

24
Q

What does t3 mean

A

Invades to subserosa

25
Q

What does t4 mean

A

Invades other organs

26
Q

How many stages of N are there

A

3

27
Q

What is N0

A

No node metastasis

28
Q

What is n1

A

1 or 3 pericolic nodes

29
Q

What is N2

A

More than pericolic nodes

30
Q

What is N3

A

Vascular trunk nodes

31
Q

What are the stages of m

A

M0- no metastasis

M1= distant metastasis

32
Q

What are the treatment modalities of cancer

A

Surgery
Radiotherapy
Chemotherapy

33
Q

What is neo adjuvant chemotherapy

A

Chemotherapy that your start prior to surgery so you shrink the tumour

34
Q

Why is adjuvant chemotherapy

A

Chemotherapy that is deliver after the primary treatment to destroy the remaining cancer cells

35
Q

What does chemotherapy involve

A

Cytotoxic drugs
Small molecule targeted drugs
Immunotherapeutics

36
Q

How do cytotoxic drugs work

A

Toxic drugs that are for rapidly diving cells they also target normal cells

37
Q

What are small molecule targeted drugs

A

Specific agents that target small molecules such as receptors e.g receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors

38
Q

What does immunotherapy involve

A

Monoclonal antibodies
Checkpoint inhibitors
Oncolytic vaccines
Car-t-cell therapy

39
Q

What is the 2nd most commonest bone tumour in childhood

A

Ewing sarcoma

40
Q

What is the treatment for Ewing sarcoma

A

Surgery
Chemotherapy
Radiotherapy

41
Q

What are the chemotherapy drugs given for Ewing sarcoma

A 
Vincristine 
Actinmycin D
Andriamycin 
Alkalayting agents 
Etoposide
42
Q

What other treatments are available to treat cancer

A

Personalised medicine

43
Q

What is palliative care about

A

Adding days to life and improve quality

CAN (25 decks)

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