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AIII-Natural Health Products > L18-Vet Med > Flashcards

L18-Vet Med Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy.

T/F: “Dogs are not humans and cats are not small dogs”

A

TRUE!

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2
Q

Anatomy.

Describe the 4 components of the digestion of herbivore.

A
  1. Long digestive tract (up to 10x length of body)
    -“fermentation vat”
  2. Square & flat molars:
    -increased surface area to crush and grind plants.
  3. Lower jaw has a
    pronounced sideways motion to grind plants
  4. Saliva has CHO-digesting enzymes (amylase)
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3
Q

Anatomy.

Describe the 3 components of the digestion of omnivore.

A
  1. Medium length digestive tract
    - gastric pH of humans is 4-5
  2. Flat molars and sharp incisors:
    - for tearing and grinding
  3. Saliva contains CHO digesting amylase
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4
Q

Anatomy.

Describe the 4 components of the digestion of carnivores.

A

Short, simple and acidic digestive tracts: animal proteins and fats are quickly and easily digested
Gastric pH = 1-2
2. Sharp teeth:
for killing prey and
tearing/ripping meat
Molars are triangular with jagged edges & function like serrated-edged blades

Digestion: Carnivores
3. Jaws move vertically and open wide to swallow large chunks of meat; do not chew their food.
4. No amylase in saliva

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5
Q

Anatomy.

Metabolic rate differences between human, dog, cats - re: temp.

A

Human: 98.6
Dog: 100-102
Cat: 100-102

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6
Q

Anatomy.

Metabolic rate differences between human, dog, cats - re: respiratory rate.

A

Human: 12
Dog: 18-24
Cat: 20-30

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7
Q

Anatomy.

Metabolic rate differences between human, dog, cats - re: heart rate.

A

Human: 60-70
Dog: 90-120 (small), 70-110 (med), large (60-90)
Cat: 150-200

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8
Q

NHPs.

List different types

A
  1. Topical
  2. PO
  3. Homeopathy
  4. Rescue remedy
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9
Q
  1. Topical

Gucci or nah?

A

NAH! b/c must shave the area to apply so fur does not get mattted
Owners need to wash the area througholy before every application
Remember if ingested TOXIC

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10
Q
  1. Topical

Uses?

A

Lumps, bumps, raw area, abrasion, scratch, sebaceous gland cyst, wart, wound

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11
Q
  1. Topical

E.g. products

A
  1. Tea Tree Oil
  2. Vitamin E
  3. Honey
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12
Q
  1. Topical - Tea tree oil

T/F: Can be ingested?

A

NO! - extremely poisonous, esp to cats & small dogs

-dilute 1:100 w/ water

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13
Q
  1. Topical - Tea tree oil
    ____ is the toxic agent.
    List signs of toxicity & OA of tox.
A

terpenes (which is what makes it effective.
signs of toxicity:
-drooling, vomiting paresis, paralysis tremors, seizures, coma
- symptoms 2-12 hours post exposure

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14
Q
  1. Topical - Vit E

T/F: ok to ingest?

A

TRUE - only if PO, not topical

-no worries if ingested

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15
Q
  1. Topical - Vit E

human PO v topical oil.

A

Recommend: PO capsules b/c:

  • can puncture and apply topically
  • better absorption, thinner
  • ok to ingest

Topical oil: too thick, too sticky, not for ingestion

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16
Q
  1. Topical - Vit E

Apply ____ x /day for ___ days

A

-apply 2-3x/day x 14 days

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17
Q
  1. Topical - Honey

Effects? (3)

A
  • Antibacterial
  • Antifungal
  • Anti-inflammatory
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18
Q
  1. Topical - Honey

Application?

A
  • “Goopy and sticky” so area/skin must be wrapped -The only food to never go bad or rancid
  • good for paws
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19
Q
  1. Topical - Honey
    Describe Rx prod.
    v regular honey?
A

Bandage that contains minuka honey, expensive
She reccommends just using regular, unpasterized honey, she says it works just the same. Good for laserations for any animal (inc: horse, humans, dogs, cats, etc)

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20
Q
  1. Oral

List supplements

A
  • Glucosamine HCl-Chondroitin-MSM
  • Probiotics
  • Co-Enzyme Q-10
  • Milk Thistle
  • Saw Palmetto
  • Omega 3 Fatty Acids: Fish vs. Flax -Slippery Elm
  • Vitamins
  • Calcium
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21
Q
  1. Oral - Glucosamine HCl-Chondroitin-MSM
    Uses?
    Recommended for?
A
  1. Arthritis/degenerative joint disease DJD
  2. Chronic inflammation including cystitis
    Recommended:
  3. all athletic dogs and seniors
  4. cats w/ arthritis
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22
Q
  1. Oral - Glucosamine HCl-Chondroitin-MSM

T/F: Glucosamine HCl better absorbed by carnivores than Glucosamine Sulfate

A

True!

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23
Q
  1. Oral - Glucosamine HCl-Chondroitin-MSM
    Dose?
    SE?
    Human v vet?
A 
Dose: 500 mg – 3000 mg/day
>Add the mg of the ingredients to obtain the total dose
SE: GI upset (soft stool/diarrhea) 
>therefore must taper
-Human fine & cheaper
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24
Q
  1. Oral - Probiotics
    Indication?
    Vet product called ____ contains _____ organisms?
A

recommend:
1. any type of digestive upset 2. when animals are on antibiotics
Veterinary products:
Forti flora and has 100,000,000 organisms

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25
Q
  1. Oral - Probiotics

Human products criteria?

A
  1. Refigerate
  2. Large number of bacteria
    - 2+ billion organisms
    - b/c acidic stomach pH of carnivores likely destroys some of the organisms)
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26
Q
  1. Oral - Probiotics

Dose?

A

Medium- large dogs: human dose

Small dogs, cates: 1/4-1/2 human dose

27
Q
  1. Oral - Pre-biotics

Describe.

A

-Food ingredients travel undigested to colon
-Ferment in colon, convert to SCFA which inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria
-Promote and support (feed) healthy digestive flora
-Combine with probiotics

28
Q
  1. Oral - Probiotics/Pre/syn

Com pur & cont ratz!

A

Pre: food for bacteria i.e. only metabolized by gut bacteria NOT human host
Syn: combo of pre and pro
Pro: live bacteria

29
Q
  1. Oral - Digestive enzymes

List digestive enzymes.

A

Alpha-amylase
Lipase
Cellulase
Protease

30
Q
  1. Oral - Digestive enzymes

T/F: Vet brand is BETTER than human.

A

tru!

because it is specifically designed for their acidic digestive tract - one of the few vet brands that are better.

31
Q
  1. Oral - Co-enzymes Q-10

Indications.

A
  • heart disease
  • gingivitis/stomatitis
  • cancer
  • geriatric animals
32
Q
  1. Oral - Co-enzymes Q-10

Dose.

A

Daily dose:
-small dogs/cats= 30 mg
-med-large= 60-120 mg
No vet products

33
Q
  1. Oral - Milk thistle
    AI?
    Indication?
A

-Silymarin seeds
-Hepato-protectorants
>For all animals on any type of LT medication OR any type of liver or gallbladder disease including G.B. “sludge”

34
Q
  1. Oral - Milk thistle

MOA?

A

Helps the gall bladder to open up to help squeeze out sludge

More prevalent for dogs because they seem to have more gall bladder probs

35
Q
  1. Oral - Milk thistle
    Dose?
    -Medium- large?
    -smoll?
A 
Many human & vet products
med- large dogs = 250 mg (SID or BID)
Dose: 
1. med-lagre: 250 mg SID or BID
2. Small/cats: glycerin-based liquid milk thistle from NPH Company (Edmonton) Dr. Steve Marsden
36
Q
  1. Oral - Saw palmetto

Indications?

A

-Relaxing smooth muscle of urethra
-bladder crystals, urinary tract “sludge”, urethral mucous plugs in cats/dogs
-FUS, FLUTD in cats; urethral spasms after being catheterized/ “unblocked”
-Dogs with bladder sphincter spasms after spinal/pelvis trauma


37
Q
  1. Oral - Saw palmetto

T/F: Better than Phenoxybenzamine

A

tru
-has a lot of SE

SP: large doses are ok, non-sedating, non-toxic

38
Q
  1. Oral - Saw palmetto

T/F: need for male dogs b/c of neutering!

A

FALSE
-neutered therefore NO prostate probs
-Almost always MALE because they have longer and narrower urethras. Female cats have shorter and wider so does not happen as often.
Cat> Dogs - just because dont watch cats pee (so you would not be able to observe problem).

39
Q
  1. Oral - Saw palmetto

dose

A

-glycerin extract dose:

2ml/5 kg divided 2-3x/day

40
Q
  1. Oral - FAs
    Carnivores require:
    O6:O3 ratio should be?
A 
Linoleic acid (Omega 6)
Linolenic acid (Omega 3) Arachidonic acid (from animal fat)
2:1 BUT often 20:1 or 10:1
41
Q
  1. Oral - FAs

Why is fish based O3= only GUCCI one?

A
  1. fish based - b/c:
    -better absorbed by animal
    -powerful anti-inflam properties
  2. O3
    -require it, O6 can have excessive pro-inflam
    -enough O6/9 in diet
    >no need for combs
    >only consider if homemake food
    -Add EPA & DHA #’s to get the highest number for antiflammatory effect
42
Q
  1. Oral - FAs

T/F: ALA (O3 from flax) needs to be converted to EPA and then DHA to be effective.

A

Yes

-dogs can only convert 20% of ALA to DHA

43
Q
  1. Oral - FAs

O3s are fragile especially to ___ or ___

A

heat or light

44
Q
  1. Oral - FAs

list 2 types.

A
  1. Triglyceride
    - higher cost, BA, more stable
  2. ethyl ester
    - easier, cheaper
    - higher amounts of EPA & DHA
    - more unstable
45
Q
  1. Oral - Slippery elm

Indications?

A
  1. diarrhea
  2. bronchitis and cough
    >b/c lungs and large intestine are paired in TCM
    AI: mucilage & antioxidants (found in inner barK)
46
Q
  1. Oral - Slippery elm

Dose?

A

Dose: dried herb
500-400 mg/kg divided TID
Infusion powder
5g/cup cold water then administer 1/4-1/2 cup/10 kg divided TID

47
Q
  1. Oral - vitamins

A

A

Dogs can make Vitamin A carotene (veggies) but cats CANNOT
>cats must get it from liver, meat, fish eggs, dairy (or supplements)
-Dose for adult animals: 75 IU/kg/day

48
Q
  1. Oral - vitamins

B

A

Chronic diarrhea in pets can sometimes respond to B12 injections: b/c of “Cobalamin deficiency”
-B for x bowel movement
AE: pink tinge urine


49
Q
  1. Oral - vitamins

C

A

Dogs & Cats can synthesize Ascorbic Acid into vitamin C
-can use: Na Ascorbate*, Ascorbic acid, Calcium Ascorbate, Ester C
Dose= 50 mg/kg up to 1000 mg/day
AE: Gastritis and diarrhea in high dose

50
Q 
2. Oral - vitamins
D
T/F cats & dogs can get it from sun? 
sources
D2 is: \_\_ and D3 is \_\_
Dose?
A 
FALSE 
NS: yolk, milk and its by
natural sources are fish liver oil, fatty fish, egg
-D2 = synthetic & D3 = natural
Dose: 75 IU/kg body wt/day
51
Q 
2. Oral - vitamins
E
Source?
most potent ?
Dose?
AE?
A

-source: wheat germ oil, liver, eggs
-most potent: D-alpha
-dose: 400-800 IU/day
>non-toxic, no SE
>animals fed 6000 IU/day for months showed no side effects

52
Q
  1. Oral - calcium

T/F: need to give?

A 
NO NEED TO GIVE!
-must be balanced w phosphorous 
-most forms are well absorbed:
>Bonemeal (oral and non-toxic), Ca carbonate, Ca lactate, Ca amino acid chelate

53
Q
  1. Oral - calcium

T/F: can use egg shells?

A

Tru but only need if pet owner 100% cooks homede for dog

54
Q
  1. Oral - essential AA
    Dogs have ? # of e AAs
    Cats ?
A

10
11 - all above + taurine
can use whey powder supplements but only use when really sick

55
Q
  1. Oral - essential AA

Where is taurine found

A

raw hearts

56
Q
  1. Homeopathy

Describe.

A

-Like cures like
- a system of medical practice that treats a disease especially by the administration of minute doses of a remedy that would in larger amounts produce in healthy persons symptoms similar to those of the disease
-sometimes called pseudo therapy, popular in europe, very safe, OTC products

57
Q
  1. Homeopathy

T/F: can be in tablet or liquid form

A

True

-liquid form can be alcohol based, dilute with warm warm to evaporate alcohol

58
Q
  1. Rescue remedy

Name product

A

Bach flower remedies
Dr. Ed Bach
Use high doses, v safe

59
Q

Toxins: BEWARE

List e.g.

A
  1. Tea tree oil
  2. acetaminophen
  3. Xylitol
60
Q

Toxins: BEWARE

Teatree - WHY?

A

remembs poisonous

61
Q

Toxins: BEWARE

acetaminophen - WHY?

A

cats v sus
toxic dose: 10 mg/kg BW
-cats do not have ability to metabolize the drug
>can cause liver damage, met-hemogloblin is formed and cannot transport O2

62
Q

Toxins: BEWARE
acetaminophen - WHY?
Signs of tox?

A

time frame: reaches BS w/in 20 mins w/ clinical signs in few hours
-depression, weakness, tachypnea, dyspnea, cyanosis, vommiting, mucous membranes are muddy brown, facial/paw edema,, death

63
Q

Toxins: BEWARE

xylitol - WHY?

A

artificial sweetner
-poisonous to dogs - potent release of insulin in pacreas of non-primates
-hypoglycemia and hepatic necrosis
cats - idk if

64
Q

Toxins: BEWARE

T/F: 1 stick of gum can poison a 5 kg dog

A

tru

AIII-Natural Health Products (19 decks)

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