L18-Vet Med Flashcards
Anatomy.
T/F: “Dogs are not humans and cats are not small dogs”
TRUE!
Anatomy.
Describe the 4 components of the digestion of herbivore.
- Long digestive tract (up to 10x length of body)
-“fermentation vat” - Square & flat molars:
-increased surface area to crush and grind plants. - Lower jaw has a
pronounced sideways motion to grind plants - Saliva has CHO-digesting enzymes (amylase)
Anatomy.
Describe the 3 components of the digestion of omnivore.
- Medium length digestive tract
- gastric pH of humans is 4-5 - Flat molars and sharp incisors:
- for tearing and grinding - Saliva contains CHO digesting amylase
Anatomy.
Describe the 4 components of the digestion of carnivores.
Short, simple and acidic digestive tracts: animal proteins and fats are quickly and easily digested
Gastric pH = 1-2
2. Sharp teeth:
for killing prey and
tearing/ripping meat
Molars are triangular with jagged edges & function like serrated-edged blades

Digestion: Carnivores
3. Jaws move vertically and open wide to swallow large chunks of meat; do not chew their food.
4. No amylase in saliva
Anatomy.
Metabolic rate differences between human, dog, cats - re: temp.
Human: 98.6
Dog: 100-102
Cat: 100-102
Anatomy.
Metabolic rate differences between human, dog, cats - re: respiratory rate.
Human: 12
Dog: 18-24
Cat: 20-30
Anatomy.
Metabolic rate differences between human, dog, cats - re: heart rate.
Human: 60-70
Dog: 90-120 (small), 70-110 (med), large (60-90)
Cat: 150-200
NHPs.
List different types
- Topical
- PO
- Homeopathy
- Rescue remedy
- Topical
Gucci or nah?
NAH! b/c must shave the area to apply so fur does not get mattted
Owners need to wash the area througholy before every application
Remember if ingested TOXIC
- Topical
Uses?
Lumps, bumps, raw area, abrasion, scratch, sebaceous gland cyst, wart, wound
- Topical
E.g. products
- Tea Tree Oil
- Vitamin E
- Honey
- Topical - Tea tree oil
T/F: Can be ingested?
NO! - extremely poisonous, esp to cats & small dogs
-dilute 1:100 w/ water
- Topical - Tea tree oil
____ is the toxic agent.
List signs of toxicity & OA of tox.
terpenes (which is what makes it effective.
signs of toxicity:
-drooling, vomiting paresis, paralysis tremors, seizures, coma
- symptoms 2-12 hours post exposure
- Topical - Vit E
T/F: ok to ingest?
TRUE - only if PO, not topical
-no worries if ingested
- Topical - Vit E
human PO v topical oil.
Recommend: PO capsules b/c:
- can puncture and apply topically
- better absorption, thinner
- ok to ingest
Topical oil: too thick, too sticky, not for ingestion
- Topical - Vit E
Apply ____ x /day for ___ days
-apply 2-3x/day x 14 days
- Topical - Honey
Effects? (3)
- Antibacterial
- Antifungal
- Anti-inflammatory
- Topical - Honey
Application?
- “Goopy and sticky” so area/skin must be wrapped -The only food to never go bad or rancid
- good for paws
- Topical - Honey
Describe Rx prod.
v regular honey?
Bandage that contains minuka honey, expensive
She reccommends just using regular, unpasterized honey, she says it works just the same. Good for laserations for any animal (inc: horse, humans, dogs, cats, etc)
- Oral
List supplements
- Glucosamine HCl-Chondroitin-MSM
- Probiotics
- Co-Enzyme Q-10
- Milk Thistle
- Saw Palmetto
- Omega 3 Fatty Acids: Fish vs. Flax -Slippery Elm
- Vitamins
- Calcium
- Oral - Glucosamine HCl-Chondroitin-MSM
Uses?
Recommended for?
- Arthritis/degenerative joint disease DJD
- Chronic inflammation including cystitis
Recommended: - all athletic dogs and seniors
- cats w/ arthritis
- Oral - Glucosamine HCl-Chondroitin-MSM
T/F: Glucosamine HCl better absorbed by carnivores than Glucosamine Sulfate
True!
- Oral - Glucosamine HCl-Chondroitin-MSM
Dose?
SE?
Human v vet?
Dose: 500 mg – 3000 mg/day >Add the mg of the ingredients to obtain the total dose SE: GI upset (soft stool/diarrhea) >therefore must taper -Human fine & cheaper
- Oral - Probiotics
Indication?
Vet product called ____ contains _____ organisms?
recommend:
1. any type of digestive upset 2. when animals are on antibiotics
Veterinary products:
Forti flora and has 100,000,000 organisms
- Oral - Probiotics
Human products criteria?
- Refigerate
- Large number of bacteria
- 2+ billion organisms
- b/c acidic stomach pH of carnivores likely destroys some of the organisms)
- Oral - Probiotics
Dose?
Medium- large dogs: human dose
Small dogs, cates: 1/4-1/2 human dose
- Oral - Pre-biotics
Describe.
-Food ingredients travel undigested to colon
-Ferment in colon, convert to SCFA which inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria
-Promote and support (feed) healthy digestive flora
-Combine with probiotics
- Oral - Probiotics/Pre/syn
Com pur & cont ratz!
Pre: food for bacteria i.e. only metabolized by gut bacteria NOT human host
Syn: combo of pre and pro
Pro: live bacteria
- Oral - Digestive enzymes
List digestive enzymes.
Alpha-amylase
Lipase
Cellulase
Protease
- Oral - Digestive enzymes
T/F: Vet brand is BETTER than human.
tru!
because it is specifically designed for their acidic digestive tract - one of the few vet brands that are better.
- Oral - Co-enzymes Q-10
Indications.
- heart disease
- gingivitis/stomatitis
- cancer
- geriatric animals
- Oral - Co-enzymes Q-10
Dose.
Daily dose:
-small dogs/cats= 30 mg
-med-large= 60-120 mg
No vet products
- Oral - Milk thistle
AI?
Indication?
-Silymarin seeds
-Hepato-protectorants
>For all animals on any type of LT medication OR any type of liver or gallbladder disease including G.B. “sludge”
- Oral - Milk thistle
MOA?
Helps the gall bladder to open up to help squeeze out sludge
More prevalent for dogs because they seem to have more gall bladder probs
- Oral - Milk thistle
Dose?
-Medium- large?
-smoll?
Many human & vet products med- large dogs = 250 mg (SID or BID) Dose: 1. med-lagre: 250 mg SID or BID 2. Small/cats: glycerin-based liquid milk thistle from NPH Company (Edmonton) Dr. Steve Marsden
- Oral - Saw palmetto
Indications?
-Relaxing smooth muscle of urethra
-bladder crystals, urinary tract “sludge”, urethral mucous plugs in cats/dogs
-FUS, FLUTD in cats; urethral spasms after being catheterized/ “unblocked”
-Dogs with bladder sphincter spasms after spinal/pelvis trauma

- Oral - Saw palmetto
T/F: Better than Phenoxybenzamine
tru
-has a lot of SE
SP: large doses are ok, non-sedating, non-toxic
- Oral - Saw palmetto
T/F: need for male dogs b/c of neutering!
FALSE
-neutered therefore NO prostate probs
-Almost always MALE because they have longer and narrower urethras. Female cats have shorter and wider so does not happen as often.
Cat> Dogs - just because dont watch cats pee (so you would not be able to observe problem).
- Oral - Saw palmetto
dose
-glycerin extract dose:
2ml/5 kg divided 2-3x/day
- Oral - FAs
Carnivores require:
O6:O3 ratio should be?
Linoleic acid (Omega 6) Linolenic acid (Omega 3) Arachidonic acid (from animal fat) 2:1 BUT often 20:1 or 10:1
- Oral - FAs
Why is fish based O3= only GUCCI one?
- fish based - b/c:
-better absorbed by animal
-powerful anti-inflam properties - O3
-require it, O6 can have excessive pro-inflam
-enough O6/9 in diet
>no need for combs
>only consider if homemake food
-Add EPA & DHA #’s to get the highest number for antiflammatory effect
- Oral - FAs
T/F: ALA (O3 from flax) needs to be converted to EPA and then DHA to be effective.
Yes
-dogs can only convert 20% of ALA to DHA
- Oral - FAs
O3s are fragile especially to ___ or ___
heat or light
- Oral - FAs
list 2 types.
- Triglyceride
- higher cost, BA, more stable - ethyl ester
- easier, cheaper
- higher amounts of EPA & DHA
- more unstable
- Oral - Slippery elm
Indications?
- diarrhea
- bronchitis and cough
>b/c lungs and large intestine are paired in TCM
AI: mucilage & antioxidants (found in inner barK)
- Oral - Slippery elm
Dose?
Dose: dried herb
500-400 mg/kg divided TID
Infusion powder
5g/cup cold water then administer 1/4-1/2 cup/10 kg divided TID
- Oral - vitamins
A
Dogs can make Vitamin A carotene (veggies) but cats CANNOT
>cats must get it from liver, meat, fish eggs, dairy (or supplements)
-Dose for adult animals: 75 IU/kg/day
- Oral - vitamins
B
Chronic diarrhea in pets can sometimes respond to B12 injections: b/c of “Cobalamin deficiency”
-B for x bowel movement
AE: pink tinge urine

- Oral - vitamins
C
Dogs & Cats can synthesize Ascorbic Acid into vitamin C
-can use: Na Ascorbate*, Ascorbic acid, Calcium Ascorbate, Ester C
Dose= 50 mg/kg up to 1000 mg/day
AE: Gastritis and diarrhea in high dose
2. Oral - vitamins D T/F cats & dogs can get it from sun? sources D2 is: \_\_ and D3 is \_\_ Dose?
FALSE NS: yolk, milk and its by natural sources are fish liver oil, fatty fish, egg -D2 = synthetic & D3 = natural Dose: 75 IU/kg body wt/day
2. Oral - vitamins E Source? most potent ? Dose? AE?
-source: wheat germ oil, liver, eggs
-most potent: D-alpha
-dose: 400-800 IU/day
>non-toxic, no SE
>animals fed 6000 IU/day for months showed no side effects
- Oral - calcium
T/F: need to give?
NO NEED TO GIVE! -must be balanced w phosphorous -most forms are well absorbed: >Bonemeal (oral and non-toxic), Ca carbonate, Ca lactate, Ca amino acid chelate 
- Oral - calcium
T/F: can use egg shells?
Tru but only need if pet owner 100% cooks homede for dog
- Oral - essential AA
Dogs have ? # of e AAs
Cats ?
10
11 - all above + taurine
can use whey powder supplements but only use when really sick
- Oral - essential AA
Where is taurine found
raw hearts
- Homeopathy
Describe.
-Like cures like
- a system of medical practice that treats a disease especially by the administration of minute doses of a remedy that would in larger amounts produce in healthy persons symptoms similar to those of the disease
-sometimes called pseudo therapy, popular in europe, very safe, OTC products
- Homeopathy
T/F: can be in tablet or liquid form
True
-liquid form can be alcohol based, dilute with warm warm to evaporate alcohol
- Rescue remedy
Name product
Bach flower remedies
Dr. Ed Bach
Use high doses, v safe
Toxins: BEWARE
List e.g.
- Tea tree oil
- acetaminophen
- Xylitol
Toxins: BEWARE
Teatree - WHY?
remembs poisonous
Toxins: BEWARE
acetaminophen - WHY?
cats v sus
toxic dose: 10 mg/kg BW
-cats do not have ability to metabolize the drug
>can cause liver damage, met-hemogloblin is formed and cannot transport O2
Toxins: BEWARE
acetaminophen - WHY?
Signs of tox?
time frame: reaches BS w/in 20 mins w/ clinical signs in few hours
-depression, weakness, tachypnea, dyspnea, cyanosis, vommiting, mucous membranes are muddy brown, facial/paw edema,, death
Toxins: BEWARE
xylitol - WHY?
artificial sweetner
-poisonous to dogs - potent release of insulin in pacreas of non-primates
-hypoglycemia and hepatic necrosis
cats - idk if
Toxins: BEWARE
T/F: 1 stick of gum can poison a 5 kg dog
tru
