L15: Patterns of Disease Globally and Over Time

Question 1

Group 1 diseases would usually include:

Answer 1

Communicable diseases, maternal conditions, and neonatal + nutritional deficiency

Question 2

This is a measure of non-fatal health loss. It takes into account the number of people in the health state of interest (prevalence) and the severity of that health state (disability state)

Answer 2

Years lived with disability

Question 3

This is a measure of fatal health loss. It takes into account the number of deaths and the age at death.

Answer 3

Years of life lost

Question 4

This is an integrated measure of health loss. It is the sum of years of life lost (YLLs) + the years lived with disability adjusted for severity (YLDs)

Answer 4

Disability adjusted life years

Question 5

One DALY represents:

Answer 5

Loss of one year of life lived in full health

Question 6

What are the 2 transition theories?

Answer 6

Demographic Transition and Epidemiological Transition

Question 7

This theory of transition explains the changes in population death and birth rates over time; as well as growth and change in populations overtime.

Answer 7

Demographic Transition

Question 8

This theory of transition explains the changes in population disease patterns over time.

Answer 8

Epidemiological Transition

Question 9

If you want to measure the change in populations over time, what kind of theory of transition would you use to explain it?

Answer 9

Demographic Transition

Because remember: Epidemiological Transition is all about disease patterns.

Question 10

What are the 2 public health actions that enabled people to live longer?

Answer 10

Sanitation and access to clean drinking water

Question 11

What kind of pattern of death rate and birth rate and population size is seen in the Demographic transition?

Answer 11

Death rate decreases. Birth rate also decreases (because of industrialisation- so women/families are deliberately choosing to have less children). Population size increases (because the median age is increasing, so people are living for longer periods of time)

Question 12

What are the 2 main trends in global ageing?

Answer 12

• women are having less children (so less pregnancies/childbirth)
• accelerating ageing population (so more older people in population than children)

Question 13

What is the compression of morbidity?

Answer 13

It’s the idea that morbidity (aka developing a disease) can be compressed/shorted through living in good health.

Characterised by:
- slow progression of chronic disease to disability
- decrease in period of time a person experiences severe disability
- maintains function and improve well-being

Question 14

Why is it important that when we enter old age, we enter this era of life as healthy as possible?

Answer 14

To increase life expectancy (compress morbidity per se)

Question 15

What does a DALY measure?

Answer 15

So the DALY measures the sum of the years lived with disability plus the years lost to that disability

• essentially, years lived with disease and disability

Question 16

Disease patterns have changed over time from a dominance of ___________ to a dominance of ___________________.

Answer 16

Communicable diseases; non-communicable diseases.

This transition is known as the Epidemiological Transition

Question 17

Life expectancy is a measure of what transition?

Answer 17

Demographic transition