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PSL201- Basic Human Physiology > L15: Control of Respiration 1/2/3 > Flashcards

L15: Control of Respiration 1/2/3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is rhythmic breathing

A

Breathing that we do automatically

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2
Q

Inspiration

A
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3
Q

Expiration, active breathing

A
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4
Q

Intercoastal nerves

A

2
1. internal intercostal nerve–> involved in active expiration
2. external intercostal nerve –> inspiration

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5
Q

Phrenic nerve

A
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6
Q

During quiet breathing which nerves will be active?

A

Phrenic nerve
External intercostal nerve

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7
Q

What type of neurons regulate breathing of respiratory muscles

A

Motor neurons that are bundled together in nerves

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8
Q

Quiet breathing versus active ventilation?

A

Active ventilation
- More AP in all nerves
- AP in internal intercostal nerve seen
- AP are not in sync
—–EX. External vs internal nerve AP’s
- Tension in inspiratory and expiratory muscle greater
- Expiratory muscle tension is contracting during active ventilation and relaxed during quiet breathing
- Lung volume, tidal volume, the air the moves in and out of the lungs, is greater than quiet breathing

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9
Q

Tidal volume

A
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10
Q

What are the 6 things that we can look at to see differences in quiet breathing vs. active breathing

A

Action potentials in:
1. phrenic nerve
2. External intercostal nerve
3. Internal intercostal nerve

Muscle Tension in:
4. Inspiratory muscles
5. Expiratory muscles

Tidal volume:
6. Lung volume

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11
Q

Which 2 centers in the brain control rhythmic breathing?

A
  1. Pons
  2. Medulla
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12
Q

Pontine respiratory group (PRG)

A

Cluster of nerves in pons that control rhythmic breathing

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13
Q

Ventral respiratory group (VRG)

A

Nerve cluster in Medulla that control breathing
-contains both expiratory and inspiratory neurons

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14
Q

Dorsal respiratory group (DRG)

A

Nerve cluster in Medulla that control breathing
- contains mainly inspiratory neurons

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15
Q

Inspiratory neurons

A
  • Active during inspiration
  • Hypothesized to control motor neurons to inspiratory muscles
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16
Q

Expiratory neurons

A
  • Active during expiration
  • Hypothesized to control motor neurons to expiratory muscles and/or inhibit inspiratory neurons
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17
Q

Central pattern generator, where is it and what are the functions?

A
  • in medulla
  • inside the VRG, pre-botzinger complex
  • responsible for creating repeating pattern of neural activity which then creates respiratory rhythm
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18
Q

What are the 2 hypotheses in how rhythm is generated? Which one is accurate?

A
  1. pacemaker
  2. neural network
    Both of hypotheses can work side-by-side to create rhythm
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19
Q

What is the pacemaker hypotheses?

A

Neurons have intrinsic pacemaker activity
- spontaneously depolarize generating action potentials in a cyclical manner

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20
Q

What is the neural network hypotheses?

A

Complex interactions between network of neurons generate rhythm

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21
Q

Respiratory control centers of medulla, what nerves are contained and what does it influence?

A
  • Contains inspiratory and expiratory neurons, central pattern generator and pre-motor neurons
  • Pre-motor neurons influence activity of motor neurons of phrenic and intercostal nerves
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22
Q

Respiratory control centers of pons, what nerves are contained and what does it influence?

A
  • Contains inspiratory, expiratory, and mixed neurons
  • May regulate transitions between inspiration and expiration
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23
Q

Focus: How is rhythmic breathing modulated?

A
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24
Q

Focus: How do chemoreflexes regulate blood pH?

A
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25
Q

2 types of chemoreceptors

A

Central and peripheral

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26
Q

Where are central chemoreceptors located?

A

Medulla

27
Q

Why does it take 5 minutes for the brain to detect changes in CO2 levels? What detects this change?

A

2 reasons
1. Co2 takes time to diffuse from blood to CSF
2. Co2 takes time to convert from co2 + H20 to H+ ions. The conversion to H+ ions increases pH and central chemoreceptors detect this change

28
Q

Which receptors are used in situations like choking or drowning?

A

Peripheral chemoreceptors

29
Q

How does the body compensate for high levels of pCO2 in arterial blood?

A

Increased ventilation

30
Q

Central chemoreflex

A

Detection of increased co2 levels by central chemoreceptors

31
Q

What are the 2 locations of peripheral chemoreceptors?

A

Carotid body and aortic body

32
Q

How do neurons in the aortic body of peripheral chemoreceptors connect to the respiratory control area?

A

Through the vagus nerve

33
Q

How do neurons in the carotid body of peripheral chemoreceptors connect to the respiratory control area?

A

Through the glossopharyngeal nerve

34
Q

What are the series of steps the body takes when it detect high levels of pCO2 with central chemoreceptors

A
  1. detects the change in pH
35
Q

What are the series of steps the body takes when it detect high levels of pCO2 with peripheral chemoreceptors

A
36
Q

How is blood pH restored

A
37
Q

When does acidosis happen

A

When there is high pCO2 and thus H+/proton concentration increases leading to high pH

38
Q

When does alkalosis happen

A

When there is low pCO2 and thus low h+/proton concentration which causes low pH

39
Q

By what mechanism does the body restore alkalosis and acidosis to normal

A

Negative feedback

40
Q

Steps the body takes to fix alkalosis

A
41
Q

Steps the body takes to fix acidosis

A
42
Q

How is oxygen stored in body

A

5L in blood

43
Q

How is Co2 stored in body

A

40L in total body water

44
Q

Focus: How is air and blood flow regulated within the lungs?

A

Ventilation and perfusion are matched within the lungs
- Want Va/Q = 1

45
Q

Ventilation

A

Rate of air flow (Va)

46
Q

Perfusion

A

Rate of blood flow (Q)

47
Q

How does an airway obstruction affect respiration?

A

decreased ventilation (Va)
- buildup of co2 in blood
- no new air coming in

48
Q

How does a blood vessel obstruction affect respiration?

A

decreased perfusion (Q)
- wasting respiratory effort since air is coming in but blood not being oxygenated due to blockage

49
Q

What happens when ventilation and perfusion are not matched

A

The body uses local controls to try and match the two

50
Q

What is ventilation and perfusion matching?

A

When the rate of air flow and blood flow are the same (= 1) helps regulate it in the lungs

51
Q

How is ventilation-perfusion matching is achieved?

A
  1. starts with a stimulus, Pco2 high and Po2 low
  2. two physiological responses
    a. Bronchioles
    - decrease muscle contraction
    - bronchodilation occurs
    - causes less resistance and…

b. Pulmonary arterioles
- increase muscle contraction
- vasoconstriction
-causes more resistance and…

  1. Result
    a. Bronchioles
    - ventilation increases

b. Pulmonary arterioles
- perfusion decreases

52
Q

Which gas, CO2 or O2 causes greater response in bronchioles?

A

Co2

53
Q

Which gas, CO2 or O2 causes greater response in pulmonary arteries?

A

O2

54
Q

A region of Tom’s lungs is not being properly ventilated because he has a respiratory infection. What would you expect to observe in that region?

a Constriction of bronchioles and dilation of arterioles
b Constriction of bronchioles and arterioles
c Dilation of bronchioles and constriction of arterioles
d Dilation of bronchioles and arterioles

A

c Dilation of bronchioles and constriction of arterioles

55
Q

Hyperpnea

A

increase in ventilation to meet an increase in metabolic demands of body

56
Q

Dsypnea

A

Laboured or difficult breathing

57
Q

Apnea

A

Temp. cessation of breathing

58
Q

Tachypnea

A

rapid, shallow breathing

59
Q

Hyperventilation

A

increased ventilation

60
Q

Hypoventilation

A

decreased ventilation

61
Q

Hypoxia

A

low o2 levels in tissues

62
Q

Hypoxemia

A

low o2 levels in blood

63
Q

hypercapnia

A

excess co2 levels in blood

64
Q

hypocapnia

A

low co2 levels in blood

PSL201- Basic Human Physiology (12 decks)

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