L14

Question 1

which antibodies associated with first exposure, with less affnity

Answer 1

IgM

Question 2

which abs in secondary exposure with higher affinity

Answer 2

IgG

Question 3

3 ways imune cells change with memory

Answer 3

• cells that have specific antigen receptor genes go through EXPANSION
  ie. T cells with specific TCR and B cells with speciic BCR/Ig
• Enhanced migration and restimulation properties
  ie. inc expression of adhesion molecules (ICAM-1)
• SURVIVAL - clones are maintained and cells respond more to growth/survival signals

Question 4

how are antigen specific memory B cells

Answer 4

• already gone through antibody class swithc, and affinity maturation
• can go through additional somatic hypermutation and further affinity maturation (by reentering germinal centres in 2ndary imune response)
• not yet differentiated into plasma cell
• require help from Th cells as usual to make Abs

Question 5

what are memory t cells maintained by

Answer 5

usually need to die by activation induced cell death
but can be maintained b IL15 and IL7
HOMEOSTATIC PROLIFERATION

Question 6

What do memory t cells express a lot of

Answer 6

IL7 receptors
and genes like bcl2 (survival)
lots of adhesion markers e.g. CD44

Question 7

what do memory t cells have low expression of

Answer 7

markers associated with effector cells
CD69

Question 8

types of memory t cells in terms of migration

Answer 8

• tissue resident
• central memory = recirculates through lymphoid
• effector memory = rapidly re-enter inflamed tissues

Question 9

what 2 components do vaccines need

Answer 9

antigen
and an infection signal to activate the immune system
(live and attenuated ones have both of these already, other need an adjuvant to provide the infection signal)

Question 10

types

Answer 10

Live attenuated
Killed/inactivated
Protein subunit
Recombinant viral vectored vaccine
Virus like
Nucleic acid based

Question 12

antibody response from live vs attenuated

Answer 12

live = good = IgG from bloodstream, IgA from mucosal membranes
and cell mediated response

attenuated = IgG only, no cell mediated response

Question 14

what kind of immunity does IPV give

Answer 14

IgG mediated immunity in blood
so can still injest polio and it replicates in gut
but prevents progression to CNS via blood

= need 3 doses for 99% immunity

Question 15

1st subunit vaccine made

Answer 15

hep B vaccine
the excess coat proteins made in the blood of a HepB patient can be purified
but very risky

Question 17

adv of subunit vacc

Answer 17

• suitbale for compromised immune system
• wont trigger disease cuz no live component
• relatively stable

Question 18

disadv of subunit vacc

Answer 18

• complex to manufacture
• adjuvant and boosters needed
• takes time to determine best atnigen combo

Question 19

which type of papilloma vacc is available on NHS

Answer 19

Gardasil
protects against 4 types of HPV

Question 20

examples of live vaccines from related infection

Answer 20

vaccinia for smallpox
BCG for TB

Question 21

recombinant viral vectored vaccines

Answer 21

bionengineered virus expressing target antigen and use non human virus as carrier
e.g. simian adenovirus used in AZcovid vax

Question 22

disadv of recombo viral vect

Answer 22

can have reation to carrier virus so cant use it repeatedly

Question 23

pros and cons of mrna vaccines

Answer 23

not infectious and quick
but hard to store

Question 24

disadv of adjuvants

Answer 24

adverse immune pathlogy
e,g, organ damage, septic shock, autoimmunity

Question 25

solution to the problme about vaccine efficacy depedning on MHC type

Answer 25

multivalent vaccines

Question 26

what might target tissue specific mucosal immunity

Answer 26

mucosal vaccines