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Immunology > 2. Overview of cells and molecules > Flashcards

2. Overview of cells and molecules Flashcards

see haem imm flashcards also

1
Q

4 stages of immunity to infection

A
  1. preventioin - barrier
  2. awareness - recognition
  3. innate immediate
  4. adaptive - lymphocytes
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2
Q

3 types of phagocytes

A

neutrophils
monocytes
macrophages

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3
Q

what can monocytes differentiate into

A

macrophages

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4
Q

what cell is responsible for intial recognition

A

tissue macrophage
tissue dendritic cell

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5
Q

how do phagocytes typcially recognise damaged cells

A

Targets newly exposed sugars

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6
Q

how do phagocytes typcially recognise pathogen

A

Recognises pathogen components eg cell wall

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7
Q

6 types of receptors on pahgocytes

A
  1. Toll like receptors
  2. complement receptor
  3. lipid receptor
  4. scavenger receptor
  5. Dectin-1receptor
  6. mannose receptor
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8
Q

what do complement receptors bind to

A

CR3, CR4
LPS = lipophosphoglycans, bacteria yeast

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9
Q

what do scavenfer receptors bind to

A

low density lipoproteins
sialic acid
bacteria and yeast

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10
Q

what do dectin 1 receptors bind to

A
  • c-type lectin R
  • binds b-glucan Structures
  • anti- fungal response
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11
Q
A
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11
Q

what does mannose respector bind to

A
  • carbohydrate structures on yeast, parasites, bacteria
  • lectin R
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12
Q

what do TLRs detect

A

Pathogen associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs)
Danger Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs)

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13
Q

what do TLRs trigger

A

cell signalling cascades
that mediate transc pathways to make antimicrobial products and cytokines

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13
Q

what are PRR

A

pattern recognition receptors

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14
Q

PRR families

A
  • TLRs
  • RLR (retinoic acid inducible gene - intracellular - viral recognition)
  • CLR = yeast, bacteria, parasitic worms
  • NLR - nucleotide binding domain like receptors
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15
Q

what does phagocytic vacuole contaain to kill stuff

A

enzymes

16
Q

5 families of cytkines

A

Interleukins (1-41)
Interferons
Colony stimulating factors
Tumour necrosis factor
Chemokines

17
Q

3 types of action a cytokine can have

A

endo - rare
para
auto

17
Q

what is an inflammasome

A
  • a multiprotein complex in the cytoplasm of immune cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells
18
Q

what triggers the production of an inflammasome

A

detection of PAMPS and DAMPs
results in recruitment of NLRs
e.g. NLRP1, NLRP3

19
Q

what do inflammasomes do

A

enables cell signaling
to initiate programmed cell death
and cleaves the precursors of IL-1β and IL-18 into their active forms, initiating the inflammatory response

20
Q

in process of inflammatory response going systemic, what happens after local inlammation from macrophages

A

changes in vascular system
- vasodilation
- inc vascular perm
- chemotaxis of neutrophils, monocytes = amplification

= all facilitates entry of more immune cells

21
Q

what might result after accumulation of plasma fluid and proteins

A

oedema

22
Q

what type of cell is mast cell

A

granulocyte

23
Q

immediate products rekeased from mast cells

A
  • hstamine
  • heparin
  • enzymes such as tryptase, chymase
24
Q

what are delayed products of mast clels

A

prostaglandins
leukotrienes
cytokines

25
Q

what happens if local cytokine response high enough

A

cytokines start paracrine action
goes to other organs

26
Q

what does IL6 do to liver hepatocytes

A

triggers it to make acute phase protiens

27
Q

what does IL1 do in the brian

A

pronotes fever
anorexia
somnolence

28
Q

examples of acute phase proteins

A
  • fibrinogen
  • haptoglobulin
  • complement
  • mannose binding lectin (MBL)
  • serum amyloid
  • C-reactive protein (CRP
  • surfactant proteins
29
Q

what is an opsonin

A

molecule that binds to pathogens to make them more susceptible to attack by immune cells

30
Q

out of the acute phase proteins, which ones are opsonins

A
  • c reactuve protein
  • mannose binding lectin
  • C3b
  • Surfactant proteins
31
Q

c reactive protein: binds to what? target pathogen?

A

phsphoryl choline

bacteria fungi parasites damafed cells

32
Q

mannose binding lectin: binds to what? target pathogen?

A

mannose- fucosyl residues
bacteria fungi damaged cells

33
Q

what are complement proteins

A

soluble proteins eg in plasma that circulate in inactive form.
Once triggered, initiate a cascade that results in activation of proteins

34
Q

what are interferons and what do they do

A

inflammatory cytokine
Inhibit viral replication in infected cell
Activate macrophages and natural killer cells

35
Q

how does inteferon act

A
  • virus infected cell makes IFN
  • IFN acts atuocrine, abd paracrine
  • IFN binds to IFN receptors
36
Q

what type of cell is natural killer cells

A

lymphocyte

37
Q

what does NK cell do

A

binds to infected celll
releases lytic granules directly into the cell and kills it
remains unharmed itself

38
Q

ohter types of innate cell

A

eosinophils
basophils
innate lympohoid cells
dendritic cells

Immunology (14 decks)

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