2. Overview of cells and molecules

Question 1

4 stages of immunity to infection

Answer 1

1. preventioin - barrier
2. awareness - recognition
3. innate immediate
4. adaptive - lymphocytes

Question 2

3 types of phagocytes

Answer 2

neutrophils
monocytes
macrophages

Question 3

what can monocytes differentiate into

Answer 3

macrophages

Question 4

what cell is responsible for intial recognition

Answer 4

tissue macrophage
tissue dendritic cell

Question 5

how do phagocytes typcially recognise damaged cells

Answer 5

Targets newly exposed sugars

Question 6

how do phagocytes typcially recognise pathogen

Answer 6

Recognises pathogen components eg cell wall

Question 7

6 types of receptors on pahgocytes

Answer 7

1. Toll like receptors
2. complement receptor
3. lipid receptor
4. scavenger receptor
5. Dectin-1receptor
6. mannose receptor

Question 8

what do complement receptors bind to

Answer 8

CR3, CR4
LPS = lipophosphoglycans, bacteria yeast

Question 9

what do scavenfer receptors bind to

Answer 9

low density lipoproteins
sialic acid
bacteria and yeast

Question 10

what do dectin 1 receptors bind to

Answer 10

• c-type lectin R
• binds b-glucan Structures
• anti- fungal response

Question 11

what does mannose respector bind to

Answer 11

• carbohydrate structures on yeast, parasites, bacteria
• lectin R

Question 12

what do TLRs detect

Answer 12

Pathogen associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs)
Danger Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs)

Question 13

what do TLRs trigger

Answer 13

cell signalling cascades
that mediate transc pathways to make antimicrobial products and cytokines

Question 13

what are PRR

Answer 13

pattern recognition receptors

Question 14

PRR families

Answer 14

• TLRs
• RLR (retinoic acid inducible gene - intracellular - viral recognition)
• CLR = yeast, bacteria, parasitic worms
• NLR - nucleotide binding domain like receptors

Question 15

what does phagocytic vacuole contaain to kill stuff

Answer 15

enzymes

Question 16

5 families of cytkines

Answer 16

Interleukins (1-41)
Interferons
Colony stimulating factors
Tumour necrosis factor
Chemokines

Question 17

3 types of action a cytokine can have

Answer 17

endo - rare
para
auto

Question 17

what is an inflammasome

Answer 17

• a multiprotein complex in the cytoplasm of immune cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells

Question 18

what triggers the production of an inflammasome

Answer 18

detection of PAMPS and DAMPs
results in recruitment of NLRs
e.g. NLRP1, NLRP3

Question 19

what do inflammasomes do

Answer 19

enables cell signaling
to initiate programmed cell death
and cleaves the precursors of IL-1β and IL-18 into their active forms, initiating the inflammatory response

Question 20

in process of inflammatory response going systemic, what happens after local inlammation from macrophages

Answer 20

changes in vascular system
- vasodilation
- inc vascular perm
- chemotaxis of neutrophils, monocytes = amplification

= all facilitates entry of more immune cells

Question 21

what might result after accumulation of plasma fluid and proteins

Answer 21

oedema

Question 22

what type of cell is mast cell

Answer 22

granulocyte

Question 23

immediate products rekeased from mast cells

Answer 23

- hstamine - heparin - enzymes such as tryptase, chymase

Question 24

what are delayed products of mast clels

Answer 24

prostaglandins leukotrienes cytokines

Question 25

what happens if local cytokine response high enough

Answer 25

cytokines start paracrine action goes to other organs

Question 26

what does IL6 do to liver hepatocytes

Answer 26

triggers it to make acute phase protiens

Question 27

what does IL1 do in the brian

Answer 27

pronotes fever anorexia somnolence

Question 28

examples of acute phase proteins

Answer 28

- fibrinogen - haptoglobulin - complement - mannose binding lectin (MBL) - serum amyloid - C-reactive protein (CRP - surfactant proteins

Question 29

what is an opsonin

Answer 29

molecule that binds to pathogens to make them more susceptible to attack by immune cells

Question 30

out of the acute phase proteins, which ones are opsonins

Answer 30

- c reactuve protein - mannose binding lectin - C3b - Surfactant proteins

Question 31

c reactive protein: binds to what? target pathogen?

Answer 31

phsphoryl choline bacteria fungi parasites damafed cells

Question 32

mannose binding lectin: binds to what? target pathogen?

Answer 32

mannose- fucosyl residues bacteria fungi damaged cells

Question 33

what are complement proteins

Answer 33

soluble proteins eg in plasma that circulate in inactive form. Once triggered, initiate a cascade that results in activation of proteins

Question 34

what are interferons and what do they do

Answer 34

inflammatory cytokine Inhibit viral replication in infected cell Activate macrophages and natural killer cells

Question 35

how does inteferon act

Answer 35

- virus infected cell makes IFN - IFN acts atuocrine, abd paracrine - IFN binds to IFN receptors

Question 36

what type of cell is natural killer cells

Answer 36

lymphocyte

Question 37

what does NK cell do

Answer 37

binds to infected celll releases lytic granules directly into the cell and kills it remains unharmed itself

Question 38

ohter types of innate cell

Answer 38

eosinophils basophils innate lympohoid cells dendritic cells