L14 Flashcards
how many ATP are involved in glycolysis
uses 2, generates 4
net 2
how many NADH generated in glycolysis
2NADH
what has to happen to pyruvate before it can enter TCA
converted to AcetylCoA
products of one glycolysis (2 pyruvate) in TCA
6NADH
2FADH2
2ATP
what are the ETC complexes
NADH-Q Oxidoreductase (I)
Q-cytochrome c oxidoreductase (III)
Cytochrome c oxidase (IV)
what is complex II in ETC
succinate Q-reductase
what does complex II do in ETC
delivers electrons from FADH2 to Complex III
how does ETC generate ATP
chemiosmotic gradient
what does ATP synthase generate
ATP + Water
how many ATP from one NADH
2.5-3
how many ATP from FADH2
2
how many ATP generated total from one glucose
30-38
what step of glycolysis enters PPP
glucose-6-phosphate
3 steps of PPP
G6P -> 6-phosphogluconate -> ribose-5-phosphate
2 options for ribose-5-phosphate
- continue with non-oxidative phase of PPP
2. used to make nucleotides, co-enzymes, etc
what is NADPH used for
energy source to build something in the cells for anabolic pathway
needed for enzyme glutathione reductase - to reduce glutathione
what is GSH
3AAs
glutamate, cysteine, glycine
the wrong carbonyl connects GS
what happens when 2 GSH molecules interact
they form sulphide bonds between the cysteines
why is glutathione important
oxidative stress
is glutathione active when in a reduced state
no
do we need more GSH or GSSG
we need 10X more GSH than GSSG to give us a good buffering system against oxidative stress
2 major reasons we need NADPH
- glutathione
2. making fatty acids, sterols, etc
what was the weird finding in the Warberg hypothesis
they assumed that cancer cells would prefer oxidative phosphorylation, but they found that they were preferring to produce lactate
this is aerobic glycolysis
what molecule reduces pyruvate to lactate
lactate dehydrogenase (uses NADH)
corny cycle
lactate gets turned into 2 pyruvate, which can undergo gluconeogenesis
where does Cory cycle happen
lactate gets sent in blood vessels to liver, ?
why do cancer cells want glucose and not ATP
they want glucose to enter PPPand become lactate
