L1 Flashcards
oncogene
any gene that when altered in expression pattern or function, contributes to the transformed state of the cell
expression pattern of oncogenes
dominant
what is similar between human lung, mouse embryo, and a tiger
they all contain primary cells/primary tissue
what is primary tissue
not mutated - not diseased or genetically altered
cells that you would normally find in your body or in an animal
what happens when you plate primary cells
They’ll divide for a certain number of divisions – and then they’ll die
cell cycle arrest and senescence
what is it called when cells enter cell cycle arrest and senescence
crisis
how long does it take for cells to escape crisi
2-5ish weeks - this isn’t a formal stat
what do we call cells that escape crisis
immortalized
what is the difference between immortalized cell lines and primary cell lines
they’ve acquired a new function and have spontaneous mutations - they don’t enter crisis
are immortalized cells contact inhibited
yes
do immortalized cells cause a tumor if you inject into a mouse
no
how many weeks ish does it take for cells to become transformed
like 10+
what is the ultimate cancer like state
transformation state
what causes mutations in important genes in transformed cells
basal replication errors
what are transformed cells
genetically altered cells that have characteristics of cancer cells
what are the 6 characteristics of cancer cells
insensitivity to anti-growth signals self sufficiency in growth signals evasion of apoptosis sustained angiogenesis limitless replicative potential tissue invasion and metastasis
(final other one - abnormal chromosome structure??)
do tutors usually look heterogenous or homogenous
heterogenous
clonal evolution model
genetic and epigenetic changes occur over time in individual cancer cells, and that if such changes confer a selective advantage they will allow individual clones of cancer cells to out-compete other clones.
what are carcinogens
cancer causing agents
what are carcinogens often classified as
mutagens or promutagens
what are promutagens
promutagens are not mutagens normally, but become mutagenic once metabolized or processed by the liver. – they can become mutagens once metabolized by the body
how can you test if something is a mutagen
exposing an animal to a carcinogen
bacteria with histidine mutagen example
eg bacteria with a dependency on histidine. If you expose bacteria to mutagens, it may fix the bacteria because it causes a mutation that allows it to survive without histidine
are carcinogens and mutagens ever the same
yes often
but not always
example of a non-mutagenic carcinogen
asbestos
how does asbestos cause cancer
will lead to increase in cell proliferation during healing. This in turn can increase number of mutations introduced during dna replication causing cancer
3 ways cancer acquires genetic abnormalities
- chromosomal abnormalities
- carcinogens
- non-mutagenic carcinogens
