L1

Question 1

oncogene

Answer 1

any gene that when altered in expression pattern or function, contributes to the transformed state of the cell

Question 2

expression pattern of oncogenes

Answer 2

dominant

Question 3

what is similar between human lung, mouse embryo, and a tiger

Answer 3

they all contain primary cells/primary tissue

Question 4

what is primary tissue

Answer 4

not mutated - not diseased or genetically altered

cells that you would normally find in your body or in an animal

Question 5

what happens when you plate primary cells

Answer 5

They’ll divide for a certain number of divisions – and then they’ll die

cell cycle arrest and senescence

Question 6

what is it called when cells enter cell cycle arrest and senescence

Answer 6

crisis

Question 7

how long does it take for cells to escape crisi

Answer 7

2-5ish weeks - this isn’t a formal stat

Question 8

what do we call cells that escape crisis

Answer 8

immortalized

Question 9

what is the difference between immortalized cell lines and primary cell lines

Answer 9

they’ve acquired a new function and have spontaneous mutations - they don’t enter crisis

Question 10

are immortalized cells contact inhibited

Answer 10

yes

Question 11

do immortalized cells cause a tumor if you inject into a mouse

Answer 11

no

Question 12

how many weeks ish does it take for cells to become transformed

Answer 12

like 10+

Question 13

what is the ultimate cancer like state

Answer 13

transformation state

Question 14

what causes mutations in important genes in transformed cells

Answer 14

basal replication errors

Question 15

what are transformed cells

Answer 15

genetically altered cells that have characteristics of cancer cells

Question 16

what are the 6 characteristics of cancer cells

Answer 16

insensitivity to anti-growth signals 
self sufficiency in growth signals
evasion of apoptosis
sustained angiogenesis
limitless replicative potential 
tissue invasion and metastasis 

(final other one - abnormal chromosome structure??)

Question 17

do tutors usually look heterogenous or homogenous

Answer 17

heterogenous

Question 18

clonal evolution model

Answer 18

genetic and epigenetic changes occur over time in individual cancer cells, and that if such changes confer a selective advantage they will allow individual clones of cancer cells to out-compete other clones.

Question 19

what are carcinogens

Answer 19

cancer causing agents

Question 20

what are carcinogens often classified as

Answer 20

mutagens or promutagens

Question 21

what are promutagens

Answer 21

promutagens are not mutagens normally, but become mutagenic once metabolized or processed by the liver. – they can become mutagens once metabolized by the body

Question 22

how can you test if something is a mutagen

Answer 22

exposing an animal to a carcinogen

Question 23

bacteria with histidine mutagen example

Answer 23

eg bacteria with a dependency on histidine. If you expose bacteria to mutagens, it may fix the bacteria because it causes a mutation that allows it to survive without histidine

Question 24

are carcinogens and mutagens ever the same

Answer 24

yes often

but not always

Question 25

example of a non-mutagenic carcinogen

Answer 25

asbestos

Question 26

how does asbestos cause cancer

Answer 26

will lead to increase in cell proliferation during healing. This in turn can increase number of mutations introduced during dna replication causing cancer

Question 27

3 ways cancer acquires genetic abnormalities

Answer 27

1. chromosomal abnormalities
2. carcinogens
3. non-mutagenic carcinogens