L12- BASAL GANGLIA

Question 1

Basal ganglia function always ..

Answer 1

Always function in association with other systems of motor function

Question 2

Out put of cerebellum to cortex is

Answer 2

Excitatory

Question 3

Out put of BG to cortex

Answer 3

Inhibitory

Question 4

Motor. Control of ASCENDING

Answer 4

————— Ascending :
Purposeful
Rapid
Skilled
Influence over motor tone , reflexes

***Dysfunction
- loss of skilled voluntary movement
- changes in tone and reflexes

Question 5

Motor. Control of BG

Answer 5

Fine control / adjustment of movement by facilitation & suppression

**Dysfunction
Movement disorder
Affecting of speed of movement & un-wanted movement

Question 6

Motor control CEREBELLUM

Answer 6

Coordination of movement ,
posture ,
balance ,
eye movement ,
planning of movement ,
procedural memory

Dysfunction
Ataxia = unsteady & jerky move
= loss of coordination & accuracy of limb and trunk

Question 7

First card in lecture

basal ganglia
help to

Answer 7

1- plan and control complex patterns of muscle movement
2- controlling intensities of the separate movements
3- directions of movements,
4- sequencing of multiple successive parallel movements for achieving specific complicated motor goals

Question 8

Basal ganglia receive most of their input signals from? And return almost all their output signals?

Answer 8

the cerebral cortex

back to the cortex also

Question 9

Functions of BG

Answer 9

1- control of voluntary motor activity
2- control of reflexes
3- control muscle tone
4- role in arousal mechanism

Question 10

Ramp movement and change from pattern to other role of

Answer 10

Basal ganglia

Question 11

BG control muscle tone through

Answer 11

Reticulospinal
Vestibulospinal

Tracts

Question 12

Planning and programming (( Cognitive presses ))
(( Timing and Scaling )) role of

Answer 12

Caudate circuit

Question 13

executing patterns of motor activity— role of

Answer 13

Putamen circuit

Question 14

One of the principal roles of the basal ganglia in motor control is
to function in association with……………………….. to control complex patterns of motor activity. —

Answer 14

(the corticospinal system)

An example is : writing of letters of the alphabet.

So damage to the basal ganglia
writing becomes crude لانه خسر النمط

Question 15

patterns that require the basal ganglia are:

Answer 15

• cutting paper with scissors
• hammering nails,
• shooting a basketball through a hoop,
• passing a football,
• throwing a baseball,
• the movements of shoveling dirts
• most aspects of vocalization,
• controlled movements of the eyes

So skilled movements performed
subconsciously

Question 16

Neural Pathways of the Putamen circuit

Answer 16

They begin mainly in:
— 1- premotor and supplementary areas of the motor cortex and in
— the somatosensory areas of the sensory cortex.
—
Next they pass to
2- the putamen
3-internal portion of globus pallidus ( GPI)
4- ventroanterior and ventrolateral relay nuclei of the thalamus
5- finally return to the cerebral primary motor cortex
and to portions of the premotor and supplementary cerebral areas

Note *
circuit has its inputs
mainly from those parts of the brain adjacent to the primary motor cortex but (not much ) from the primary motor cortex itself.
يعني ترسل لها اكثر من انها تستقبل منها

Question 17

thinking processes of the brain, using both:
(sensory input to the brain + plus information already stored in memory)
Called

Answer 17

cognition function of brain

Question 18

Caudate nucleus receives large amounts of its input from?

Answer 18

the association areas
of the cerebral cortex overlying the caudate nucleus.

Question 19

Pathway in caudate circuit

Answer 19

signals pass from the
1-cerebral cortex to the
2-caudate nucleus, next to
3- internal globus pallidus GBI
4-ventroanterior and ventrolateral of thalamus,
5- and finally back to the prefrontal , premotor and
supplementary motor areas of the cerebral cortex,

Question 20

In caudate circuit almost none of the returning signals passing directly to the primary motor cortex. — Instead, the returning signals go to?

Answer 20

accessory motor regions in the
-premotor
-supplementary motor areas
that are concerned with putting together sequential patterns of movement.

Question 21

Neurotransmitters in BG

Answer 21

GABA
ACH
Glutamate
Dopamine

Question 22

Neurotransmitters secreted by brain stem to BG

Answer 22

norepinephrine, serotonin,
enkephalin ,

Question 23

Afferent connection to basal ganglia

Answer 23

1- corticostriate fibers ( excitatory - Glutamate)
2- Nigrostriate fibers ( Dopamine )
3- Thalamostriate
4- Raphestriate ( serotonin )
5-locus cerulues striate ( norepinephrine )

Question 24

Efferent connection from BG

Answer 24

1- thalamus
( Ansa fascicularis from GBI to thalamus - GABA )
2- sub-thalamus
3- substantia nigra
4- red nucleus

Question 25

Movement disorders of BG

Answer 25

Hypokinetic disorders ( Parkinsonism ) loop I
Hyperkinetic disorders loop II :
1- Athetosis
2- Ballismus
3- Chorea
4– Torsion spasm

Question 26

Parkinsonism features

Answer 26

Rigidity
Akinesia
Resting Tremor
Reduced facial expressiveness

Degeneration of substantia nigra
Loss of dopamine
Bradykinesia rigidity
Imbalance BW cholinergic and dopaminergic transition

Question 27

Lesion in globus pallidus

Answer 27

Athetosis
Writhing movements

Question 28

Lesion in sub thalamic nuclei

Answer 28

Hemiballismus
Flailing movements

Question 29

Multiple small lesion in putamen

Answer 29

Chorea
Flicking movements ( jerky) hand , face , fingers

Due to loss of GABAaction

Question 30

Involuntary movments with dementia.

Answer 30

Huntington’s chorea
Autosomal dominant

Question 31

Types Disorders of BG

Answer 31

Movements disorders
Neuro-psychiatric disorders

Question 32

Damage to caudate nucleus causes :

Answer 32

Neuro-psychiatric disorders
-impairment in cognitive process
-personality change
-poor judgment
-agitation
-depression