L12 Flashcards
what are carbohydrates?
polyhydroxy alcohols with aldehyde (-CHO) Or ketone (-C=O) groups and heir derivatives
what important roles do carbohydrates have ?
important structural and metabolic roles
how do animals obtain carbohydrates ?
can synthesize carbohydrates from glycogenic amino acids but most are obtained from diet
what is the main dietary carbohydrate?
strach
hydrolyzed to glucose and absorbed into blood
other sugars are converted to glucose in liver
what is the major metabolic fuel for all cells in the body ?
glucose
it is also the precursor for synthesis of other carbohydrates : glycogen for storage
ribose and deoxy ribose in nucleic acid
galactose for synthesis of lactose in milk
also found in glycolipids , glycolic proteins and proteoglycans
what are the functions of carbohydrates ?
serves as storage form of energy (ex: starch and glycogen)
what are the functions of glycoproteins and glycolipids ?
they are an important part of membrane structure and participate in functions like cell growth , adhesion , and fertilization
wha serves as the precursor for other biomolecules like fats and amino acids?
carbohydrates
what are the carbohydrate classifications according to number of sugar units ?
monosaccharides: one molecule of sugar
disaccharides : contain 2 sugars linked together
oligosaccharide : contain 3-10 monosaccharide units linked together
polysaccharide : more than 10 monosaccharides linked together
what are the bonds linking carbohydrates together called?
glycosidic bonds
what are the classifications of monosaccharide depending on number of carbon atoms ?
trioses
tetroses
pentoses
hexoses
he-roses
if a monosaccharide has a aldehyde group then it is a ____
aldoses
if a monosaccharide has a aldehyde group (-CHO) then it is a ____
aldoses
if a monosaccharide has a ketone group
(-C=O)it Is a ____
ketoses
what are sugar alcohols ?
ketone and aldehyde groups of monosaccharides reduced to alcohols
IMPORTANT HEXOSES :
Glucose Major fuel of life
Sugar found in Blood
Constituent of Many di and Polysaccharides
Fructose Found in fruits
Can be converted to glucose in the body
Galactose Constituent of milk Sugar (Lactose)
Mannose
.
what are stereoisomers?
have the same structural formula but exist in different spatial arrangements ( same but opposite , like ur hands )
what is D and L isomerism?
carbohydrates are either D or L isomers deepening on the position of the second to last carbon -OH
all naturally occurring monosaccharides are ____
D isomers
What is optical isomerism ?
monosachhardes have asymmetrical carbon atoms that deviate light and show optical activity .
+ or d means it deviates light clockwise
- or l means it deviates like counter clockwise
what are anomers?
can be seen in cyclic structure , not straight chain. anomers differ from each other in the configuration of C-1( In alcoves ) and C-2(in ketoses )
if the -OH is up then its beta
if -OH is down then it is alpha
what are epimers ?
isomers that are identical but differ from each other due to variations in configuration around carbon 2, 3 , or 4 of glucose
what are derived amino sugars ?
They are sugars where an -OH group is replaced by an -NH2 group.
usually takes place in carbon 2
what are deoxy sugars ?
removal of oxygen from sugars
Deoxyribose is present in DNA
6-Deoxy Galactose (Fucose) is found in many glycoproteins and glycolipids.
..
