L12

Question 1

what are carbohydrates?

Answer 1

polyhydroxy alcohols with aldehyde (-CHO) Or ketone (-C=O) groups and heir derivatives

Question 2

what important roles do carbohydrates have ?

Answer 2

important structural and metabolic roles

Question 3

how do animals obtain carbohydrates ?

Answer 3

can synthesize carbohydrates from glycogenic amino acids but most are obtained from diet

Question 4

what is the main dietary carbohydrate?

Answer 4

strach

hydrolyzed to glucose and absorbed into blood

other sugars are converted to glucose in liver

Question 5

what is the major metabolic fuel for all cells in the body ?

Answer 5

glucose

it is also the precursor for synthesis of other carbohydrates : glycogen for storage

ribose and deoxy ribose in nucleic acid

galactose for synthesis of lactose in milk

also found in glycolipids , glycolic proteins and proteoglycans

Question 6

what are the functions of carbohydrates ?

Answer 6

serves as storage form of energy (ex: starch and glycogen)

Question 7

what are the functions of glycoproteins and glycolipids ?

Answer 7

they are an important part of membrane structure and participate in functions like cell growth , adhesion , and fertilization

Question 8

wha serves as the precursor for other biomolecules like fats and amino acids?

Answer 8

carbohydrates

Question 9

what are the carbohydrate classifications according to number of sugar units ?

Answer 9

monosaccharides: one molecule of sugar

disaccharides : contain 2 sugars linked together

oligosaccharide : contain 3-10 monosaccharide units linked together

polysaccharide : more than 10 monosaccharides linked together

Question 10

what are the bonds linking carbohydrates together called?

Answer 10

glycosidic bonds

Question 11

what are the classifications of monosaccharide depending on number of carbon atoms ?

Answer 11

trioses

tetroses

pentoses

hexoses

he-roses

Question 12

if a monosaccharide has a aldehyde group then it is a ____

Answer 12

aldoses

Question 13

if a monosaccharide has a aldehyde group (-CHO) then it is a ____

Answer 13

aldoses

Question 14

if a monosaccharide has a ketone group

(-C=O)it Is a ____

Answer 14

ketoses

Question 15

what are sugar alcohols ?

Answer 15

ketone and aldehyde groups of monosaccharides reduced to alcohols

Question 16

IMPORTANT HEXOSES :

Glucose Major fuel of life
Sugar found in Blood
Constituent of Many di and Polysaccharides

Fructose Found in fruits
Can be converted to glucose in the body

Galactose Constituent of milk Sugar (Lactose)

Mannose

Answer 16

.

Question 17

what are stereoisomers?

Answer 17

have the same structural formula but exist in different spatial arrangements ( same but opposite , like ur hands )

Question 18

what is D and L isomerism?

Answer 18

carbohydrates are either D or L isomers deepening on the position of the second to last carbon -OH

Question 19

all naturally occurring monosaccharides are ____

Answer 19

D isomers

Question 20

What is optical isomerism ?

Answer 20

monosachhardes have asymmetrical carbon atoms that deviate light and show optical activity .

+ or d means it deviates light clockwise

• or l means it deviates like counter clockwise

Question 21

what are anomers?

Answer 21

can be seen in cyclic structure , not straight chain. anomers differ from each other in the configuration of C-1( In alcoves ) and C-2(in ketoses )

if the -OH is up then its beta

if -OH is down then it is alpha

Question 22

what are epimers ?

Answer 22

isomers that are identical but differ from each other due to variations in configuration around carbon 2, 3 , or 4 of glucose

Question 23

what are derived amino sugars ?

Answer 23

They are sugars where an -OH group is replaced by an -NH2 group.

usually takes place in carbon 2

Question 24

what are deoxy sugars ?

Answer 24

removal of oxygen from sugars

Question 25

Deoxyribose is present in DNA

6-Deoxy Galactose (Fucose) is found in many glycoproteins and glycolipids.

Answer 25

..