L11- Endocrine Pharmacology Flashcards
*Which factor is not likely to stimulate insulin secretion from beta cells?
a. Sympathetic nerve stimulation
b. A somatostatin antagonist
c. A sulfonylurea
d. Fatty Acids
e. Incretic mimetics
a. Sympathetic nerve stimulation
*Based on what you know about insulin effects on carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism, select the INCORRECT statement:
a. Facilitated by insulin, a large fraction of glucose absorbed from the small intestine is immediate taken up by hepatocytes, which convert it into the storage polymer glycogen
b. From a whole body perspective, insulin has fat-sparing effect
c. Insulin activates an intracellular lipase to break down triglycerides
d. Insulin stimulate uptake of amino acids
e. Insulin increases the rate of glycolysis in skeletal muscle
c. Insulin activates an intracellular lipase to break down triglycerides
*Select the CORRECT statement about Metformin
a. Metformin is an insulin secretagogue with potent glucose lowering effects when combined with comprehensive lifestyle management
b. Metformin is the preferred initial pharmacologic agent for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and can be taken concurrently with insulin
c. Monotherapy with Metformin increases risk of hypoglycemia
d. Dosing adjustments to Metformin need to be made with the addition of pramlintide
e. An crease in hepatic gluconeogenesis has been established as the primary contribution to the glucose-reducing effect of metformin
b. Metformin is the preferred initial pharmacologic agent for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and can be taken concurrently with insulin
*Select the INCORRECT statement about rapid acting insulin preparations (i.e. Lispro)
a. Rapid acting insulin analogs are used for the treatment of Type 1 Diabetes
b. Are usually taken before a meal to prevent hyperglycemia
c. Suppress glucose production between meals and overnight
d. Have a short duration of action
e. Have the potential to better mimic the first phase of the physiological insulin response
c. Suppress glucose production between meals and overnight
All will release insulin from the beta cells of the pancreas except:
A. Vagus nerve stimulation
B. Amino acids
C. GLP-1 mimetic
D. A DPP-4 inhibitor
E. Somatostatin
E. Somatostatin
Select the TRUE statement:
A. metformin stimulates insulin release from the beta cells of the pancreas
B. Sulfonylurea-induced hypoglycemia can be reversed by octreotide
C. Gut-derived signals OXM, CCK, and GLP-1 all increase food intake in the short term
D. Analogs of gonadorelin are widely used to treat growth hormone disorders
E. Insulin resistance is a hallmark characteristic of Type 1 Diabetes
B. Sulfonylurea-induced hypoglycemia can be reversed by octreotide
Pramlintide is given in order to
a. Stimulate the production of glucagon by alpha cells
b. Stimulate amylin which delays gastric emptying to prevent glucose spike and
ultimately reduce the amount of insulin needed
c. Counteract the hyperglycemic effect of sulfonylureas
d. Increase somatostatin secretion
e. Stimulate the beta cells to produce insulin
b. Stimulate amylin which delays gastric emptying to prevent glucose spike and ultimately reduce the amount of insulin needed
Combining basal and bolus insulin as a way to treat diabetes mellitus is effective because
a. Bolus insulin, which is fast acting soluble insulin, prevents hyperglycemia after immediately eating a meal. Basal insulin, which is long duration insulin, suppresses glucose production between meals. Giving both allows patients to achieve a more normal insulin profile.
b. Bolus insulin, which is long duration insulin, prevents hyperglycemia after immediately eating a meal. Basal insulin, which is fast acting soluble insulin, suppresses glucose production between meals. Giving both allows patients to achieve a more normal insulin profile.
c. Bolus insulin, which is long duration insulin, prevents hypoglycemia after immediately eating a meal. Basal insulin, which is fast acting soluble insulin, stimulates minimal glucose production between meals. Giving both allows patients to achieve a more normal insulin profile.
d. Bolus insulin, which is fast acting insulin, prevents hypoglycemia after immediately eating a meal. Basal insulin, which is long duration insulin, increases glucose production between meals. Giving both allows patients to achieve a more normal insulin profile
a. Bolus insulin, which is fast acting soluble insulin, prevents hyperglycemia after immediately eating a meal. Basal insulin, which is long duration insulin, suppresses glucose production between meals. Giving both allows patients to achieve a more normal insulin profile.
Metformin is considered one of the best antidiabetic drugs because
a. It does not have drastic side effects like older medications
b. Decrease glucose production in the liver
c. Prevents hyperglycemia without causing hypoglycemia
d. Can be safely combined with sulfonylureas
e. Both C and D
e. Both C and D
Which of the following stimulates the secretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary
a. Somatotropin
b. Sermorelin
c. Octreotide
d. Lanreotide
e. Pasireotide
b. Sermorelin
True/False - Insulin is synthesized as a precursor in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum
False
Insulin is synthesized as a precursor (preproinsulin) in the rough ER which is transferred to the golgi apparatus and undergoes a series of proteolytic cleavages to become proinsulin and then later insulin and C-peptide fragment (which are secreted together).
This medication can reverse the hyperglycemic side effect of sulfonylureas
Octreotide
VEGF production is stimulated under what type of conditions?
Hypoxic Conditions
