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PHARMACOLOGY I > L10: ANS Intro > Flashcards

L10: ANS Intro Flashcards

1
Q

The ANS is ______ consciously controlled

A

NOT

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2
Q

what is the major function of the ANS

A

maintain physiological homeostasis
(regulated CO, BP, blood flow, digestion, adrenal function, bronchodilation, etc)

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3
Q

rest and digest

A

parasympathetic

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4
Q

fight or flight

A

sympathetic

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5
Q

parasympatheticpreganglionic fibers are _____, while post ganglionic fibers are _______

A

LONG
short

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6
Q

what is the most important preganglionic parasympathetic nerve

A

VAGUS NERVE CN X

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7
Q

parasympathetic preganglionic fibers originate from the ____, ______ and ________

A

midbrain
medulla oblongata
sacral intumescence

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8
Q

preganglionic fibers of the PNS release ______

A

ACh

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9
Q

preganglionic neurons leave the spinal cord and terminate in _______

A

paravertebral chains

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10
Q

the only endogenous NT that stimulates the ANS and acts in both sympathetic and parasympathetic arms of the ANS

A

acetylcholine

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11
Q

the _____ chain allows for rapid, coordinated signal transmission through the entire sympathetic system

A

paravertebral

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12
Q

substance from adrenal gland that acts exclusively in the Sympathetic arm of the ANS

A

Adrenaline (Epi)

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13
Q

nicotinic receptors found in all ganglia of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic NS

A

Nn (nicotinic neuron) receptors in postsynaptic junctions and adrenal medulla

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14
Q

nicotinic receptors that are found in neuromuscular junctions of the somatic NS

A

Nm
nicotinic muscular receptors

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15
Q

where is the one place ACh has an effect on sympathetic tissue

A

sweat glands (except horses)

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16
Q

muscarinic receptors (M) are present in all _______ post-synaptic junctions

A

parasympathetic

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17
Q

Sympathetic innervation comes from _______ efferents

A

Thoracolumbar

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18
Q

sympathetic (thoracocolumbar) preganglionic fibers are ______ while post ganglionic sympathetics are _______

A

Short
Long

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19
Q

where are Nn cholinergic receptors found

Nn= nicotinic nerve

A
  • ALLpostsynaptic ganglion junctions
  • adrenal medulla
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20
Q

muscarine stimulates what receptors

A

Muscarainic (M) receptors

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21
Q

where are muscarinic (M) receptors found

A

in all parasympathetic post-synaptic junctions
heart, blood vessels, bronchioles, eye, bladder

AND
in sympathetic sweat gland (excpet in horses)

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22
Q

where are α1 adrenergic receptors found?

A
  • vasculature
  • GI
  • urinary bladder
  • spleen
  • piloerector muscles
  • male genitalia
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23
Q

where are α2 adrenergic receptors found?

A
  • sympathetic pre-synaptic nerve terminals
  • some endothelium
  • platelets
  • pancreatic islets
  • kidney
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24
Q

where are adrenergic β1 receptors found?

A
  • heart (stimulatory)
  • GI tract
  • urinary bladder
  • kidney
  • uterus
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25
Q

where are adrenergic β2 receptors found?

A
  • bronchioles
  • heart
  • vasculature (skeletal blood vessels)
  • liver
  • pancreas
  • fat cells
  • sympathetic presynaptic nerve terminals
26
Q

what is the only type of sympathetic receptor found in the bronchioles

A

β2

27
Q

what are the endogenous NTs

A
  • NE
  • Epi
  • Dopamine
28
Q

where is NE released from

A

majority of post-ganglionic sympathetic nerves
EXCEPT sweat glands

29
Q

what receptors does NE stimulate

A

α and some β1

30
Q

where is epinephrine released from

A

adrenal medulla (in a mixture w/ NE)

31
Q

where does epinephrine go and what does it act on / what receptors

A
  • everywhere! (it’s a hormone)
  • acts at nerve synapses or directly on vasculature
  • stimulates α and β receptors
32
Q

what receptors does dopamine activate

A
  • vascular α (in high doses)
  • cardiac β1 (inotropic) - mid doses
  • DA receptors in renal and mesenteric vasculature - low doses
33
Q

the resting tone of blood vessels (basal sympathetic tone) in controlled by ______ innervation

A

sympathetic

34
Q

sympathetic stimulation of innervated receptors in vasculature smooth muscle maintains ?

A

blood pressure
basal sympathetic tone

35
Q

is there normally any parasympathetic stimulation in the vasculature

A

no, therfore no active vasodilation

36
Q

what type of M receptors are in the endothelium in vasculature

A

un-innervated M receptors

37
Q

the response of vascular smooth muscle to sympathetic stimulation depends on ________

A

receptor distribution

38
Q

in the skin and reservoir veins, what is the effect of sympathetic stimulation on vasculature

A

vasoconstriction (α1)

39
Q

in skeletal muscle, what is the effect of sympathetic stimulation on vasculature

A

NE: vasoconstriction

Epinephrine:
vasoconstriction - if high levels of Epi (α1)
vasodilation - if low levels of Epi (β2)

40
Q

what receptors in vasculature are more sensitive to epinephrine than α1 are?

A

β2

41
Q

in visceral and renal vasculature, what is the effect of sympathetic stimulation (NE, Epi and DA)

A

NE: vasoconstriction

Epi: vasodilation if low levels, β2
Epi: vasoconstriction if high elvels, α1

DA: vasodilation of low levels via DA receptors, renal
DA: vasoconstriction if high levels of DA, α1

42
Q

cardiac output is the result of ___ + _____

A

heart rate and Stroke volume

43
Q

Mean arterial pressure is the result of what 3 things?

A
  • peripheral vascular resistance
  • cardiac output
  • stroke volume
44
Q

preload, afterload and contractility determine …

A

stroke volume

45
Q

parasympathetic stimulation of the respiratory system causes…

A

bronchoconstriction and induces mucus secretion

46
Q

what nerve innervates the respiratory system

A

vagus (M receptor)

47
Q

what is the effect of sympathetic stimulation of the respiratory system

A

bronchodilation
β2 receptors

48
Q

the facial nerve when stimulated by parasympathetics, stimulates _____ glands

A

salivary

49
Q

what does the vagus nevrve innervate in the GI tract

A
  • esophagus
  • stomach
  • pancreas
  • liver
  • smal intestines
50
Q

effect of vagus nerve stimulation on GI tract

A
  • relaxes sphincters
  • stimulates GI motility
  • stimuates gastric acid secretion
51
Q

innervation of large intestines originates from the ______ and stimulates intestinal motility

A

lumbosacral intubescence

52
Q

effects of sympathetics on the GI tract

A
  • reduced salivary glands secretion
  • reduced motility
  • reduced acid secretion
  • decreased secretion by pancreatic acinar cells
  • increased secretions from islet cells (insulin)
  • increased sphincter contraction
  • increase glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis by liver
  • increases lipolysis
53
Q

parasympathetic effects on genitourinary

A
  • erection
  • relaxes urinary sphincter
  • induces contraction of urinary bladder fundus
54
Q

sympathetic effects on genitourinary

A
  • mediates uterine contraction cycle
  • ejaculation
  • increases renin secretion
  • contracts urinary sphincter, relaxes fundus
54
Q

parasympathetics effects on eye

A
  • increases tear formation
  • opens anterior chamber angle –> increases outflow of aqeous humor through the canal of schlemm and decreases IOP
55
Q

what CN mediates parasympathetics to the eye

A

CN III oculomotor

56
Q

sympathetics work on what receptors in the eye

A

α - contract radial muscles - mydriasis
alpha have no effect on accommodation
β - increaes aequous humor production causing increased IOP
β - relaxes ciliary muscles allowing for accomadation of nearby objects

57
Q

sympathetics on the spleen

A

α - contraction
β2 -relaxation

58
Q

piloerector muscles are mediated by ____ receptors and causes…?

A

α , contraction

59
Q

what type of parasympathetic fibers are usually found within the innervated organ

A

short post ganglionics

60
Q

what is the only endogenous NT that stimulates the cholinergic NS

A

ACh

61
Q

Nn receptors in the adrenal medulla stimulate the release of ______ from _______

A

epinephrine from adrenals

PHARMACOLOGY I (21 decks)

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