L1: Symptoms and signs of respiratory disease

Question 1

six common respiratory symptoms

Answer 1

breathless
cough 
sputum
haemoptysis
wheeze
chest pain

Question 2

what is breathlessness

Answer 2

an unpleasant sensation of a feeling of increased demand for breathing

Question 3

what is breathlessness called

Answer 3

dyspnoea

Question 4

what is breathlessness related to (3)

Answer 4

work of breathing
increased ventilation
respiratory muscle weakness

Question 5

4 causes of sudden (minutes) breathlessness

Answer 5

pulmonary oedema
pneumothorax 
PE
anaphylaxis
foreign body inhalation

Question 6

4 causes of rapid (hours) breathlessness

Answer 6

acute asthma
pneumonia
pulmonary oedema
acute hypersenstivity pneumonitis

Question 7

4 causes of subacute (weeks) breathlessness

Answer 7

heart failure
pleural effusion
anaemia
lung cancer

Question 8

4 causes of slow breathlessness onset

Answer 8

COPD
interstitial lung disease
pneumoconiosis
pulmonary artery hypertension

Question 9

what mediates cough

Answer 9

airway nerves

Question 10

4 causes of cough hypersensitivity (there are many more)

Answer 10

ACE inhibitors
left heart failure
infection
asthma

Question 11

why do ACE increase cough sensitivity

Answer 11

their effect on breakdown of bradykinin

Question 12

3 characteristics of sputum

Answer 12

colour
volume
taste/ odour

Question 13

3 types of colour of sputum

Answer 13

mucoid
purulent
blood stained

Question 14

purulent=

Answer 14

yellow/ green

Question 15

what causes purulent yellow/green

Answer 15

myeloperoxidase

Question 16

what causes green sputum in infection

Answer 16

neutrophils

Question 17

what causes green sputum in eosinophils

Answer 17

asthma

Question 18

haemoptysis=

Answer 18

coughing up blood

Question 19

causes of haemoptysis 6

Answer 19

lung cancer
TB
bronchiectasis 
pulmonary oedema 
pulmonary embolism 
pneumonia

Question 20

what is a wheeze

Answer 20

musical noise produced by air moving through narrowed airways

Question 21

when does a wheeze happen

Answer 21

on expiration

Question 22

causes of wheeze

Answer 22

asthma

COPD

Question 23

stridor=

Answer 23

inspiratory noise

Question 24

causes respiratory chest pain (3)

Answer 24

pleurisy
upper retrosternal pain
retrosternal pain

Question 25

2 most important part inspection

Answer 25

cyanosis | finger clubbing

Question 26

4 features of finger clubbing

Answer 26

- loss of nail-nail bed angle - increased fluctuations of nail bed - curvature of nails - drumsticking

Question 27

finger clubbing is seen in

Answer 27

lung cancer pulmonary fibrosis bronchiectasis

Question 28

3 chest wall deformities

Answer 28

kyphoscoliosis pectus carinatum pectus excavatum

Question 29

what causes pectus carinatum (pigeon chest)

Answer 29

long standing airway obstruction

Question 30

with airway expansion which side is the pathology

Answer 30

the reduced expansion side

Question 31

why assess position of the trachea

Answer 31

to assess mediastinal shift

Question 32

what pushes the trachea away from pathology

Answer 32

pleural effusion | pneumothorax

Question 33

what pushes the trachea towards the pathology

Answer 33

collapse or fibrosis

Question 34

when in the cricosternal distance reduced

Answer 34

hyperinflation

Question 35

when does hyperinflation happen

Answer 35

COPD and asthma

Question 36

3 signs of hyperinflation

Answer 36

reduced cricosternal angle barrel chest loss of liver dullness

Question 37

4 outcomes of percussion

Answer 37

resonant dull stony dull hyper-resonant

Question 38

normal percussion=

Answer 38

resonant

Question 39

dull=

Answer 39

consolidation collapse dense fibrosis

Question 40

stony dull=

Answer 40

pleural effusion

Question 41

hyper resonant=

Answer 41

pneumothorax/ bulla

Question 42

4 types of breath sound

Answer 42

vesicular diminished absent bronchial

Question 43

normal breath sounds=

Answer 43

vesicular (airway obstruction, fibrosis)

Question 44

diminished breath sounds=

Answer 44

pneumothorax, collapse, pleural efffusion

Question 45

absent breath sounds=

Answer 45

big effusion | pneumothorax

Question 46

bronchial breath sounds=

Answer 46

consolidation

Question 47

3 added sounds

Answer 47

wheezes crackles pleural rub

Question 48

wheezes present in

Answer 48

airway obstruction

Question 49

type of wheeze in asthma

Answer 49

polyphonic high pitched (small airway obstruction)

Question 50

type of wheeze in large airway obstruction

Answer 50

monophonic (fixed)

Question 51

crackles=

Answer 51

discontinuous musical sounds

Question 52

when do crackles normally occur

Answer 52

on inspiration

Question 53

when crackles clear with coughing what is the pathology

Answer 53

larger airway secretions

Question 54

coarse crackles in

Answer 54

pneumonia | bronchiectasis

Question 55

fine crackles in

Answer 55

pulmonary oedema | pulmonary fibrosis

Question 56

pleural rub happens in

Answer 56

pleurisy

Question 57

pleural rub sounds like

Answer 57

creaking --> walking on fresh snow

Question 58

increase in vocal resonance=

Answer 58

bronchophony - a sign of consolidation

Question 59

reduced vocal resonance=

Answer 59

collapse, pneumothorax, effusion

Question 60

what is whispering pectoriloquy

Answer 60

whispering sounds heard clearly (seen in consolidation)