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Toxicology VAP845 > L1. Intro to Toxicology > Flashcards

L1. Intro to Toxicology Flashcards

1
Q

Poison: Toxicant

A

any solid, liquid, or gas when introduced into a biologic system can interfere with the life processes of the cells of that organism by its own inherent properties.

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2
Q

Poison: Mechanism of Action

A

Attack common receptors

compete for metabolites

Damage membranes

Alter nucleic acid synthesis

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3
Q

Toxin

A

Poison from a biological process

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4
Q

Biotoxin

A

general

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5
Q

Zootoxin

A

insect / reptile

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6
Q

Mycotoxin

A

fungal

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7
Q

Phytotoxin

A

plant

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8
Q

Phycotoxin

A

Algea

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9
Q

Toxic

A

refers to adverse effects

Arsenic is toxic to the GIT and kidney

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10
Q

Toxicosis

A

Disease state of being poisoned

Arsenic toxicosis = acute onset of vomiting progressing to hemorrhagic diarrhea

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11
Q

Toxicity

A

Essentially the dose

the acute toxicity of Arsenic is 5mg/kg BW

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12
Q

LD50

A

lethal dose 50

Quantal response of a group

Straight line on semi log or probit paper

Lethal to 50% of animals defined conditions

Does not address severity/clinical characteristics

No relationship to chronic toxicity or other effects

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13
Q

ED50

A

effective dose 50

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14
Q

NOEL

A

No Observed Effect Level

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15
Q

NOAEL

A

No Observed Adverse Effect Level

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16
Q

HNTD

A

Highest Non-Toxic Dose

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17
Q

Dose-Response

A

Fundamental relationship in Toxicology

Paracelsus: “All things are poison and nothing is without poison; only the dose makes a thing not a poison”

dose makes the poison

Analytical capabilities are better than our interpretive abilities

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18
Q

Assumptions

A
  1. Response is due to the poison
    1. may only be “associated with”
  2. Magnitude of the response is dose-related
    1. higher dose = bigger response
  3. Quantifiable method of measuring response
    1. related to molecular events caused by the agent
    2. Secondary biomarkers
      1. AChE, AST
      2. Clinical Response
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19
Q

“Agent”

A

Poison/toxicant

Chemical - of chemical origin

Xenobiotic - any foreign compound

Toxin - biological origin

Elements - lead, selenium, copper

Pharmaceuticals - Antimicrobial, physiologic drugs

Nutrients - Protein, fat

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20
Q

Response:

What

A

clinical signs, lesions, sub-clinical

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21
Q

Response:

where

A

Local, systemic, organ-specific

22
Q

Response:

When

A

Acute, Chronic

23
Q

Response:

Why

A

Sources, intended

24
Q

Response:

How

A

Access, route of exposure

25
Q

Dose-Response Curves:

No effect

A
26
Q

Dose-Response Curve:

No threshold

A
27
Q

Dose-Response Curve:

Threshold

A
28
Q

Therapeutic Index

A

TI=LD50/ED50

29
Q

Standard Safety Margin

A

SSM = LD1/ED99

30
Q

Chronicity Factor

A

Acute LD50/90 day LD50

measure of cumulative toxicity

31
Q

Risk

A

The likelihood fo Poisoning occurring under the conditions of normal use

Risk Ratio compares toxiticy to use

32
Q

Factors Affecting Outcome:

Physiological:

Species

A

Nitrate poisoning in ruminants vs. monogastrics

33
Q

Factors Affecting Outcome:

Physiological:

Breed

A

Ivermectin toxicosis in collies

34
Q

Factors Affecting Outcome:

Physiological:

Age

A

neonates and geriatrics are generally more susceptible

35
Q

Factors Affecting Outcome:

Physiological:

Sex

A

Gossypol can cause infertility in males

36
Q

Factors Affecting Outcome:

Physiological:

Pregnancy

A

Abortive agents

37
Q

Factors Affecting Outcome:

Physiological:

Lactation

A

ergot alkaloids can inhibit lactation

38
Q

Factors Affecting Outcome:

Physiological:

Nutritional status

A

Healthy vs. malnutrition

39
Q

Factors Affecting Outcome:

Physiological:

Health status

A

Healthy vs. chronically ill

40
Q

Factors Affecting Outcome:

Environmental

A

Seasonal - blue-green algea

Transportaion - Copper toxicosis in sheep

Water quality and quantity

41
Q

Factors Affecting Outcome:

dose

A

how much toxin did the patient ingest

42
Q

Factors Affecting Outcome:

Route

A

IV vs, inhalation

43
Q

Factors Affecting Outcome:

Physical Nature of Agent

A

pellet vs. powder

44
Q

Factors Affecting Outcome:

Solubility

A

Changes adsorption/metabolism

45
Q

Factors Affecting Outcome:

Chemical Interactions

A

Alters ADME within biological system

4 Types

  • Additive: 2+4=6
  • Synergistic: 2+4=12
  • Potentiation: 0+4=6
  • Antagonistic: 3+6=7
46
Q

Diagnosing Intoxications

A

Overview of Diagnostic Strategy:

History is crucial

Clinical Sings and progression

Clinical Pathology

Analytical toxicology

Necropsy findings

Histopathology

47
Q

Managing Intoxications

A

“Treat the patient not the poison”

  • Each patient and toxicant are unique
  • General guidelines
    • stabilize airway, breathing, circulation
    • Get more history and re-evaluate
    • Prevent further absorption
    • Give specific antidote in available
    • Enhance elimination
48
Q

Calculations:

Essential units to commit to memory:

Part Per Million (PPM)

A

1 ppm = 1mg/kg = 1microgram/g

1 penny in $10,000

49
Q

Calculations:

Essential units to commit to memory:

Part Per Billion (PPB)

A

1 PPB = 1ug/kg = 1ng/g

1 penny in $10,000,000

1 second in 32 years

50
Q

Conversions:

Active ingredient

A

Active ingredient often reported as %

Exposure data in PPM

Conversion is easy

Look at the pic for math.

“MOVE DECIMAL 4 PLACES”

1 PPM = 0.0001%

1% = 10,000 PPM

51
Q

Conversions:

Feeds

A

Ingredients often lbs/ton or g/ton

Remeber feed and water intake are extremely vairiable

52
Q

Feed Concentration to Dosage

A

Feed tags report inclusion concentration

Toxicity data in mg/kg dosages

Need to Know:

Concentration of compound in feed

Animal weight

Amount of feed consumed (estimate as %BW)

Toxicology VAP845 (15 decks)

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