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Toxicology VAP845 > Exam 2 Study Guide > Flashcards

Exam 2 Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

Nitrate Sources

A

forages, fertlizers, natural sources, contaminatied water tanks

Especially drought stress

2.4-D application

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2
Q

Nitrate

MOA

A

ferrous to ferric iron in heme = methemoglobin → tissue anoxia

BROWN BLOOD

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3
Q

Nitrate:

Species most at risk

A

Ruminants mainly at risk → have to convert nitrAte to NitrIte - acute death

Monogastrics pretty resistant to nitrate

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4
Q

Nitrate

Antidote

A

Methylene blue

ILLEGAL

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5
Q

Nitrate

Best Diagnostic Samples

A

Antemortem: serum

Postmortem: OCular fluid nitrate >20ppm

Nitrate conversion will continue after death so rumen content no good

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6
Q

Sulfate / Polio

Sources

A

Dietary sulfur to H2S in rumen → inhaled/absorbed

Directly cytotoxic

Water and feed sources are additive

0.4% total ration

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7
Q

Sulfate / Polio

Laminar Cortical Necrosis

A

Polioencephalomalcia

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8
Q

Sulfate / polio

Clinical Signs

A

Head pressing, blindness, ataxia

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9
Q

Sulfate / Polio

Treatment

A

thiamine

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10
Q

NPN

Sources

A

feed additives, fertilizers

Animals can acclimate

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11
Q

NPN

MOA

A

Urea to ammonia vie urease

Ammonia to ammonium - not absorbed

Elevated pH selects for Ammonia, usually converted back to urea in liver

Liver detox pathway gets overloaded → ammonia stays in circulation → hyperammonemia → Nervous System Affected

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12
Q

NPN

Clinical Signs

A

tremors, agitation, lateral recumbency, convulsions, acute death

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13
Q

NPN

Diagnosis

A

Antemortem = Clinical signs after feed change, elevated rumen pH

Post-mortem = Ocular fluid ammonia >20ppm

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14
Q

NPN

Treatment

A

Vinegar and cold water

Dilute, drop pH, cool temp

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15
Q

Mycotoxin

General

A

young animals, particularly swine generally most susceptible

Common in grain sources, often more than one mycotoxin present

Tough diagnosis, almost diagnosis of exclusion

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16
Q

Mycotoxin:

Ergot/fescue

A

Hyperthermia, distal gangrene, lameness, agalactia, delayed parturition

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17
Q

Mycotoxin:

DON / Vomitoxin

A

Feed refusal, vomiting in swine

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18
Q

Mycotoxin:

Zearalenone

A

Estrogenic compound

19
Q

Mycotoxin:

Aflatoxin

A

Hepatotoxin in may species, only one regulated

20
Q

Mycotoxins:

Fumonisin

A

Equine leukoencephalomalacia

procine pulmonary edema

minor liver lesions common

21
Q

Mycotoxins:

Ochratoxin / citrinin

A

Nephrotoxic

22
Q

Mycotoxins:

Slaframine

A

“Slobber factor”

23
Q

Gossypol

Source

A

toxic compound produced by cotton to protect cottonseed

Cottonseed common feed component esp. for dairy cows

24
Q

Gossypol:

Target organs

A

heart and other muscle

25
Q

Gossypol:

Clinical signs

A

Acute death vs, chronic heart failure

Suppresses sperm production in males

26
Q

Gossypol:

Free vs bound

A

free is toxic

bound is not toxic

27
Q

Selenium

Acute

A

Cases generally from injections

Very rapid death

28
Q

Selenium

Sub-chronic:

A

Hind limb ataxia / paralyssi and hoof lesions in pigs

Poliomyelomalacia

29
Q

Selenium

Chronic

A

Usually form dietary selenium

Takes weeks to months

Hair and hoof lesions → Lameness

30
Q

Selenium:

Obligate Accumulators

A

Astragalus

Oonopsis

Stanleya

Xylorrhiza

31
Q

Selenium

Vitamin E/Selenium Deficiency

A

Nutritional myopathys, white muscle disease, mulberry heart disease, hepatosis dietetica

32
Q

Selenium

Diagnosis

A

Whole blood best

33
Q

Selenium

Treatment

A

NONE

34
Q

Differentails

Myopathies in Cattle

A

Vitamin E / Selenium deficiency

Ionophore intoxication

Acute selenosis

Gossypol

35
Q

Laminar Cortical Necrosis

A

Salt

Sulfur

Lead

36
Q

Lameness in Horses

A

Fescue / ergot

Chronic selenium

Fluoride

Black walnut

Ionophore (myopathy may look like lameness)

37
Q

Acute death in adult cows

A

Nitrate

Urea/NPN

OP/Carbamates

Cyanide

Hemlocks

Taxus sp. / Japanese Yew

Blue-green algae

38
Q

Blue-green Algae

Environmental conditions

A

Warm, stagnant, nutrient rich waters in LATE summer

Usually lower oxygen, oxygenation maybe even preventative

39
Q

BGA

Hepatotoxins

A

Massive hepatocellular necrosis (hours to days)

Vomiting, diarrhea, liver enzyme necrosis

Clotting issues = hypovolemic shock

MICROCYSTIN

40
Q

BGA

Neurotoxins

A

NO lesions (minutes to hours)

Ataxia, tremors, seizures, rapid death

ANATOXIN-a, Guanitoxin

Death due to respiratory paralysis

41
Q

Na+ toxicosis, Water Deprivation

A

Water deprivation or excess sodium consumption

42
Q

Na+ toxicosis, Water Deprivation

MOA

A

Sodium moves into brain → impairs sodium pump → Water follows after rehydration → cerebral edema, neuronal necrosis → Laminar Cortical necrosis

43
Q

Na+ toxicosis, Water Deprivation

Species most susceptible

A

SWINE

Eosinophilic perivascular cuffing

Can affect all animals

44
Q

Na+ toxicosis, Water Deprivation

Diagnosis

A

Histopath + brain sodium >1800ppm

Toxicology VAP845 (15 decks)

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