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microbiology > L1. Classification by structure, replication, metabolism > Flashcards

L1. Classification by structure, replication, metabolism Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are bacterial fimbriae used for?

A

adhesion

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2
Q

what are mesosomes used for?

A

areas in the cell membrane of bacteria that fold inward - play an important role in cellular respiration

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3
Q

Which bacterial species does not have a cell wall as the outermost layer?

A

mycoplasma (b/w capsule and cytoplasmic membrane)

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4
Q

what are other names for peptidoglycan? (2)

A

murein or mucopeptide

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5
Q

what are the components of the bacterial peptidoglycan layer? (5)

A

diaminopimelic acid

muramic acid (ex NAM)

techoic acid

pentaglycine crossbridge

tetrapeptide sidechain

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6
Q

what is the function of diaminopimelic acid?

A

forms peptide linkages in bacterial peptidoglycan

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7
Q

what is the function of muramic acid?

A

structural component of peptidoglycan (NAM and NAG)

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8
Q

what is the function of techoic acid?

A

to provide rigidity to the cell-wall by attracting cations such as magnesium and sodium

go through PG (perpendicular to it)

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9
Q

what is the function of the pentaglycine crossbridge?

A

structural component that “cross” with muramic acid (NAM and NAG)

this is the component inhibited by beta lactam antibiotics!

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10
Q

what is the function of tetrapeptide sidechain?

A 
contains: 
L alanine
D glutamic acid
L lysine
D alanine
helps add layers within PG (how i see it)
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11
Q

where does lysozyme act on peptidoglycan?

A

beta 1 - 4 linkages b/w NAG and NAM

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12
Q

what are the stain colours for gram pos/neg

A

pos - purple

neg - pink

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13
Q

does the cytoplasmic membrane of bacteria contain cholesterol? :)

A

no :( relax

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14
Q

what are the major differences b/w gram pos and gram neg cell wall?

A

gram negative has unique outer cell membrane

peptidoglycan is thin and within “periplasmic space”

instead of techoic acid, has murein lipoprotein (extends from PG to outer cell membrane)

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15
Q

whats unique about the outermost cell layer of gram neg cell wall?

A

its existence

outermost portion contains LPS!

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16
Q

Whats the structure of LPS?

A

O polysacc: outer carbohydrate chain (vary 1 - 50)

core polysacc: centre part

Lipid A: phosphorylated glucosamine disacc

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17
Q

whats the most toxic part of LPS?

A

Lipid A aka the gram negative endotoxin

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18
Q

what is the function of LPS?

A

blocks passage of substances to peptidoglycan layer

in humans can cause septic shock

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19
Q

what does pleomorphic mean?

A

bacteria lacking a distinct shape

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20
Q

how do bacteria cells reproduce?

A

binary fission (literally divide into two)

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21
Q

what are endospores?

A

dormant, tough, non reproductive structure produced by a small number of bacteria

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22
Q

what is sporulation?

A

process of forming an endospore

occurs when environment is unfavourable

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23
Q

what are the two most important bacteria that form endospores? why?

A

bacillus and clostridium

why? because important PATHOGENS

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24
Q

what are the stages of endospore germination?

A
  1. activation: can only be activated a few days after being formed
  2. initiation: autolysin degrades cortex peptidoglycan; calcium dipicolinate is released
  3. outgrowth: emergence of new vegetative cell consisting of spore protoplast w/ surrounding wall
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25
Q

what is calcium dipicolinate (2)?

A

protects DNA of spore from heat denaturation (inserts itself in b/w DNA bases)

dehydrates the spore

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26
Q

What are the seven spore forming bacteria?

A

Bacillus anthracis and cereus

Clostridium botulinum, perfringens, difficile and tetani

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27
Q

what does bacillus cereus cause?

A

food poisoning

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28
Q

How do you stain for an endospore to be visible (2)?

A

Schaeffer - Fulton method:
- malachite green (primary stain - endospores)
- safranin
(counter stain - vegetative)

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29
Q

what is the only bacteria with a capsule made of protein?

A

bacillus anthracis

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30
Q

How do you stain for a capsule?

A

negative staining: stains the background

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31
Q

what is the quelling reaction?

A

antibody reaction w/ capsule - capsule swells

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32
Q

What are the nine encapsulated bacteria?

A

Yes Even Some Pretty Nasty Killers Have Shiny Bodies

yersinia pestis
E coli
strep pneumonia
pseudomonas aeruginosa
Neisseria meningitides
Klebseilla pneumonia
H. influenza
Salmonella typhi
Bacillus anthracic
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33
Q

What are the different types of flagella (4)?

A

Monotrichous: single polar flagellum

lophotrichous: 2 or more flagella at one end
amphitrichous: 1 or more flagella on both ends
peritrichous: flagella all over

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34
Q

How is flagella stained (2)?

A

first apply a mordant (tannic acid or potassium alum)

then stained w/ pararosaniline or basic fuschin

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35
Q

Which class of bacteria are mesosomes more prominent in?

A

gram positive bacteria

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36
Q

fimbriae vs pilli

A

pilli are usually longer and are also involved in transfer of dna during conjugation

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37
Q

endotoxins vs exotoxins

A

endotoxins - usually by gram negative bacteria; structural components

exotoxins: usually by gram positive bacteria, proteins

38
Q

What are the 7 classic gram positive bugs that cause disease in humans?

A

cocci:
strep
entero
staph

bacilli:
bacillus
clostridum
corynebacterium
listeria
39
Q

what are the 2 groups of gram negative cocci?

A

diplococci:

neisseria and moraxella

40
Q

What is an oxidase test used for?

A

blue - positive
yellow - negative

detects the presence of cytochrome oxidase -> used in ETC!

41
Q

which gram positive bacteria is identified with acid fast stain?

A

mycobacteria

42
Q

what is the first line lab test used to identify bacteria?

A

gram stain

43
Q

what are the 11 bacteria that are not stained well by gram stain?

A

These Little Microbes May Unfortunately Lack Real Colour But Are Everywhere

Treponema, Leptospira (too thin to be seen)

Mycobacteria (high lipid content in cell wall)

Ureaplasma, Mycoplasma (no cell wall)

Legionella, Rickettsia, Chlamydia, Bartonella, Anaplasma, Ehrlichia

44
Q

why is chlamydia known to be lacking “classic peptidoglycan”?

A

when it is intracellular, muramic acid is reduced

45
Q

what are some of the other stains available?

A

india ink
fluorescent antibody
silver stain
albert stain

46
Q

what is silver stain used for?

A

Fun legions are hyped

Fungi, Legionella, and H. pylori

47
Q

what is albert stain used for?

A

granules - red to violet
rest of bacteria - blue/green

stains “volutin” granules in C diphtheria

48
Q

What is india ink used to identify?

A

cryptococcus neoformans

49
Q

What is a common acid fast stain?

A

zeihl neelsen stain

carbol fuschin - primary stain

methylene blue - secondary stain (for non acid fast bacteria)

50
Q

what are the four acid fast bacteria?

A

mycobacterium tuberculosis
mycobacterium leprae
nocardia asteroids
actinomycetes

51
Q

what are voluntin granules?

A

food stores found in bacteria

52
Q

what is albert stain made of (2) ?

A

toluidine blue and malachite green

53
Q

what is thayer martin agar used for?

A

selective growth of Neisseria (gonnorhoeae and meningitides)

54
Q

what is colistin used for?

A

inhibits most gram neg bacteria other than Neisseria

55
Q

What is vancomycin used for?

A

selective media tha inhibits most gram pos bacteria

56
Q

what is nystatin used for?

A

inhibits yeast

57
Q

what is modiefied thayer martin agar used for?

A

contains added trimethoprim to inhibit proteus!

58
Q

What is McConkey agar used for?

A

to differentiate between lactose and non lactose fermenters

lactose fermenter - turns pink

59
Q

what is CHROMagar used for?

A

to identify enterococcus faecalis (turns green)

60
Q

what is E coli grown on?

A

blood agar

61
Q

what is serratia grown on?

A

chocolate agar

62
Q

What is chocolate agar used for (5)?

A

to grow h. influenza, serratia, neisseria species (g and m) and haemophillus

63
Q

What is regan lowe medium used for?

A

to grow pertussis

contains charcoal, blood and antibiotic + potato extract

64
Q

What is eaton agar used for?

A

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

gram neg

65
Q

What is EMB (eosin methylene blue) agar used for?

A

E coli!

produces “metallic sheen” colour

66
Q

What is bordet gengou agar used for?

A

pertusis

67
Q

what is sabouraud agar used for (2)? what does it contain?

A

fungi filamentous bacteria like nocardia!

contains peptones!

68
Q

what is tellurite agar used for?

A

Diptheria

69
Q

what is mannitol salt agar used for (2)?

A

used to isolate Staph Aureus
(yellow)

serratia would be red

70
Q

what is charcoal yeast extract buffered w/ cysteine and iron used for (4)?

A

Bruce Francis and the Legion of Pastors

Brucella, francisella, legionella, pasteurella

71
Q

what are the 4 aerobic bacteria?

A

Nagging Pests Must Breathe

Nocardia, pseudomonas, mycobacterium TB, bordetella pertussis

72
Q

what are the 4 obligate anaerobes?

A

clostridium, bacteriodes, fusobacterium and actinomyces israelii

73
Q

why can obligate anaerobes not survive in the presence of O2 (3)?

A

lack catalase

susceptible to oxidative damage

foul smelling and produce gas (CO2 and H2)

74
Q

What are the 4 facultative anaerobes?

A

strep, staph and enteric gram positive bacteria as well as E coli

75
Q

what are the urease positive organisms (5 + 3)?

A

PUNCH
proteus, ureaplasma urealyticum, Nocardi, cryptococcus, H. pylori

KISS
klebsiella, S saprophyticus and S epidermidis

76
Q

how does a urea breath test work?

A

patients ingest labelled urea

if urease positive organisms are present, labelled CO2 will be detected (scintillation counter or special spectrometer)

77
Q

what are the 3 obligate intracellular bacteria?

A

Really Chilly and Cold

Rickettsia, Chlamydia and Coxiella

78
Q

what are the 4 biofilm producing bacteria?

A

Epic Virus Pink Homo

S. epidermidis, Viridans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and H. influenza

79
Q

where does S. epidermidis form biofilms (2)?

A

catheter and prosthetic devices

80
Q

Where do viridans form biofilms?

A

dental plaques

81
Q

Where does Pseudomonas form biofilms (2)?

A

respiratory infections and keratitis (contact lens associated)

82
Q

Where does H. influenza form biofilms?

A

Otitis media (ear)

83
Q

what is the temperature most pathogenic bacteria grow at?

A

37 deg

84
Q

what bacteria grows well at 42 deg?

A

campylobacter

85
Q

what bacteria grows at low temperatures (0 - 4 deg)?

A

listeria monocytogenes

food poisoning

86
Q

what pathogenic protein is NOT destroyed by autoclave?

A

prion proteins

87
Q

what can ethylene oxide not work against?

A

spores

88
Q

what is hydrogen peroxide effective against?

A

all microorganisms including spores!

89
Q

what is pasteurization NOT effective against?

A

heat resistant spores

90
Q

did not include infection control!

A

x

microbiology (8 decks)

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