l1 Flashcards
Phonology
study of sounds, patterns, and rules for combining sounds in sentences
phonetics
study of speech sounds, the written symbols used to represent their
productions
Phone
a single speech sound by a single symbol in the phonetic system
Phoneme
unit of sound that carry’s meaning, many productions. don’t change meaning
Morpheme:
unit that carry meaning or the smallest unit of language
carrying semantic interpretation
Free morphemes:
morpheme that can stand alone cannot be broken down
Bound morphemes:
suffixes or prefixes that attach to a free morpheme to alter meaning
Minimal Pairs:
Morphemes that are similar, except one sound “Tea” supposed to say “key”
Allophone:
alternate form of a phoneme within language. They do not change the meaning Example: “sit” [sɪt] vs voiced “rose” [roʊz]
Allographs
Different letters and combinations
to represent the same phonemes
gh-laugh
Free Variation:
When allophones can be swapped in certain phonetic
contexts and not affect the word
bah-bat
When allophones can be swapped in certain phonetic
contexts and not affect the word
free variation
Complementary Distribution:
Allophones that cannot be swapped in certain contexts.
[tʰ] occurs in stressed syllables, as in “top” [tʰɑp].
[ɾ] occurs between vowels when the /t/ is in an unstressed syllable, like in “butter” [ˈbʌɾər]
Narrow Phonetic Transcription:
the aspirated and unreleased allophonic variations, errors
phonemic transcription
recording of speech sound into phonemic symbols
Phonetic Transcription:
Recording of speech sounds using symbols of the (IPA) and diacritic markers.
Brackets:
[ ].
diacritics
IPA symbols
Virgules:
/ /
substitution
t/k t/s
omission
omission refers to the absence or failure to produce a speech sound
-/k -/bl for uuu
blend is considered
1 unit consonant cluster that stick together.
Consonants:
Phonemes produced by some narrowing or closing
of the vocal tract.
Prevocalic:
“Dog” – The /d/ sound is prevocalic because it appears before the vowel “o.”
consonant blend occurring before a vowel
Intervocalic:
singleton consonants or consonant blends that occur
between vowels or diphthongs
Postvocalic
A consonant or consonant blend produced after a vowel or
diphthong; postvocalic sounds terminate the syllable.
Initial position:
Refers to a sound that is located in the initial
position of a word
Medial position:
Refers to a sound that is located in the
middle position of the word.
Final position
Refers to a sound that is produced at the end
of a word.
vowels
Refers to a sound that is produced at the end
of a word.(open in vocal tract)
what are the hardest phonemes for kids
s,l,r
Pure Vowels:
Also referred to as monopthongs . These
sounds have a single or unchanging quality as they are
produced
/i/
/æ/
/ɑː/
/ʊ/
Diphthongs:
These sounds are made by the quick gliding of
two simple vowels so that they cannot be perceptually
separated.
aɪ
ɔɪ
aʊ
oʊ
Syllables
A small unit of speech that has three essential components: onset, nucleus,
and coda
Open Syllables:
Syllables that end in a vowel or diphthong.
Closed Syllables:
Syllables that end in a consonant.
place
bilabial, labiodental,linguadental,alveolar ,palatal,velar,glottal
manner
stops,fricatives,affricates, nasal,glides,liquids
voiced
b d g z v ð ʒ d͡ʒ m n n l r w j
voiceless
p t k s f θ ʃ t͡ʃ h
bilabial
p b m w
labiodental
f v
linguadental
θ ð
alveolar
t d s z l h
palatal
ʃ t͡ʃ d͡ʒ ʒ r j
velar
k g ŋ w
glottal
h ʔ
stops
p b t d k g
fricatives
s z f v ʃ θ ð h ʒ
affricatives
t͡ʃ d͡ʒ
nasals
m n ŋ
glides
w j
liquids
l r
Three component classification system:
- Position of the tongue in the mouth/shape of the
pharynx - Roundedness
3.
Tenseness
Classification of tongue positioning based on two
elements
Tongue height
2. Tongue advancement
High-Front:
/i/ and /ɪ/
Mid-Front:
/e/ and /ɛ/
Low-Front:
/æ/
Mid-Central:
/ɚ/, /ɝ/, /ə/, and /ʌ/
High-Back:
/u/ and /ʊ/
Mid-Back:
/o/ and /ɔ/
Low-Back:
ɑ
Tense Vowels:
Longer in duration and
produced with more muscular
tension.
/ ɝ/
/i/
/e/
/u/
/o/
/ ɔ /
Lax Vowels:
Shorter in duration and
produced with less
muscular exertion
/ ɝ/
/i/
/e/
/u/
/o/
/ ɔ /
Coarticulation
influence that sounds have on other sounds when they
come together words, phrases, and sentences.
\
adaptations
Articulatory movement variations that change the
shape of the vocal tract
Assimilation
The modification may be extreme and therefore
a perceptual change is detected.
“dogs” [dɔɡz]
phonotactics
The rules for combining sounds.
Morphophonemics
include the sound changes that occur due to the
modification of free morphemes
dogs(plural z)
cats- plural s
wash-t
bath -d
Suprasegmental Aspects of Speech
properties of speech that are associated with words, phrases, sentences
and continuous speech
Pitch
variable sensory experience as a result of changing frequency of vocal fold
vibration
Stress
when emphasis is placed on certain syllables
Produced by higher pitch, longer vowel duration, and increased intensity
Intonation: is the pattern of pitch and stress in a individual’s speech
Rate of speech:
the number or words, syllables, or phonemes produced per
second.
Juncture
allows for semantic or grammatical distinctions in speech such as
pausing.
“I scream” (verb + noun) –
“Ice cream” (noun0
