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DIG > L02 - Overview of DIG > Flashcards

L02 - Overview of DIG Flashcards

1
Q

How many organ systems are there in the body?

A

11

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2
Q

What is energy required for?

A
  1. Maintenance of optimal deep body temp
    - Enzymes
  2. Repair and renewal of the body’s tissues
  3. Growth, dev and maturation of the young
  4. Repro and rep of individual
  5. Survival of indiv
  6. Replication of species
    - Survival of species
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3
Q

Why could energy sources be scant?

A
  1. Food sources in short supply
  2. Animals competing for common food sources
  3. Most foods are only available intermittently
  4. Food only available by chance in some cases
  5. Most foods are only available seasonally
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4
Q

What are the 5 stages of digestion and what happens in each one?

A
  1. Ingestion - taking in food (mastication forms bolus)
  2. Digestion - breakdown of complex food substances into smaller soluble substance
  3. Absorption - Digested food absorbed into body cells
  4. Assimilation - Absorbed food used to provide energy or form new protoplasm
  5. Egestion - Removal of unwanted food
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5
Q

What happens in terms of digestion in the mouth?

A
  • Mechanical digestion (chewing and swallowing)

- Chemical digestion of CARBS

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6
Q

What happens in terms of digestion in the stomach?

A
  • Mechanical digestion (peristaltic mixing and propulsion)
  • Chemical digestion of PROTEINS
  • Abs of lipi-sol substances (such as aspirin)
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7
Q

What happens in terms of digestion in the small intestines?

A
  • Mechanical digestion (mixing and propulsion, primarily by segmentation)
  • Chemical digestion of CARBS, LIPIDS, PROTEINS and NUCLEIC ACIDS
  • Abs of peptides, aa, glc, frc, lipids, h20, min and vits
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8
Q

What happens in terms of digestion in the large intestines?

A
  • Mechanical digestion (segmental mixing, mass movement for propulsion)
  • NO chem digestion EXCEPT by bacteria
  • Abs of ions, h20, mins, vits and small organic mlcs prod by bacteria
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9
Q

What is segmentation (segmental movement)?

A
  • Type of intestinal motility

- Moves chyme in both directions –> allowing greater mixing with the secretions of the intestines

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10
Q

What organs would you find in the left hypochondriac region?

A
  • Part of spleen
  • Left kidney
  • Part of stomach
  • Pancreas
  • Parts of colon
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11
Q

What organs would you find in the epigastric region?

A
  • Part of duodenum
  • Part of liver
  • Part of pancreas
  • Majority of stomach
  • Part of spleen
  • Adrenal glands
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12
Q

What organs would you find in the right hypochondriac region?

A
  • Right portion of liver
  • Gallbladder
  • Right kidney
  • Parts of SI
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13
Q

What organs would you find in the right flank region?

A
  • Gallbladder
  • Right kidney
  • Part of liver
  • Ascending colon
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14
Q

What organs would you find in the left flank region?

A
  • Descending colon
  • Left kidney
  • Part of spleen
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15
Q

What organs would you find in the umbilical region?

A
  • SI
  • Duodenum
  • Jejunum
  • Ileum
  • Transverse colon
  • Bottom portions of L and R kidney
  • Umbilicus
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16
Q

What organs would you find in the right iliac region?

A
  • Appendix
  • Cecum
  • Right iliac fossa
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17
Q

What organs would you find in the left iliac region?

A
  • Part of descending colon
  • Sigmoid colon
  • Left iliac fossa
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18
Q

What organs would you find in the hypogastric region?

A
  • Bladdder
  • Part of sigmoid colon
  • Anus
  • Repro system (uterus and ovaries/ prostate)
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19
Q

What are the 2 horizontal planes called separating the nine abdominal compartments?

A
  1. Subcostal plane

2. Trans-tubercular plane

20
Q

Where is the subcostal plane?

A
  • Lowermost bony point of rib cage (usually 10th costal cartilage)
  • Body of L3
21
Q

Where is the trans-tubercular plane?

A
  • Upper border of L5
22
Q

What is the peritoneum?

A
  • aka pavement epithelium
  • Composed of a layer of mesothelium and CT
  • Serous membrane forming the lining of the abdominal cavity
23
Q

What does the peritoneum line?

A
  • Interior surfaces of all the abdominal walls (except areas of the coronary ligament)
  • Surfaces of all viscera of abdomen (except bare areas of the liver)
24
Q

What is the peritoneum classified as histologically?

A

Simple squamous epithelium

25
Q

What is the epiploic foramen (foramen of Winslow)

A

A passage between the greater and lesser sac (general peritoneal space and omental bursa), allowing comn between the two spaces

26
Q

What are the boundaries of the epiploic foramen?

A
  1. Anterior - free edge of lesser omentum (hepatoduodenal ligament); there are two layers, within are the common bile duct, hepatic artery and portal vein
  2. Posterior - peritoneum covering the inferior vena cava
  3. Superior - peritoneum covering the caudate lobe of the liver
  4. Inferior - peritoneum covering the start of duodenum and hepatic artery; hep artery passes forward below the foramen before ascending between the two layers of the lesser omentum
27
Q

What does the parietal peritoneum line?

A
  • Lines the internal surface of the abdominal wall

- Blends with v peri where meet

28
Q

What does the visceral peritoneum line?

A

Lines visceral organs as a single continuous sheet of epithelium

29
Q

What is the parietal peritoneum innervated by?

A

Sensory div of SNS

- Phrenic nerves

30
Q

What is the visceral peritoneum innervated by?

A

Sensory div of ANS

- Vagus nerve

31
Q

What is the visceral peritoneum innervated by?

A

Sensory div of ANS

- Vagus nerve

32
Q

Which organs are retroperitoneal?

A 
- Viscera in the extraperitoneal fascia
S - suprarenal gland (adrenal)
A - aorta/ inferior vena cava
D - duodenum (second and third part)
P - pancreas (except tail) 
U - ureters
C - colon (ascending and descending)
K - kidneys
E - oesophagus
R - rectum
33
Q

What’s the difference in the parietal peritoneum lining from men to women?

A

In men, the parietal peritoneum lining the abdominal wall will join to form a closed sac.
Whereas, in a woman, there will be two passages for the uterine tubes leading to the outside
(peritoneal cavity)

34
Q

What is the coronary ligament?

A
  • Double layered folds of peritoneum
  • Peritoneal reflections that hold the liver to the inferior surface of the diaphragm
  • Has ant and post folds
35
Q

What is the falciform ligament?

A
  • Attaches the liver to the front body wall

- Separates the liver into the left and right lobes

36
Q

What is omenta?

A
  • Double fold of peritoneum that starts on the curvature of the stomach and connects it to other abdominal viscera
  • Pass from stomach and first part of duodenum to other viscera
    1. Greater omentum
    2. Lesser omentum
37
Q

What is mesentery?

A
  • Peritoneal folds that attach viscera to the posterior abdominal wall
  • Allow some movement and provide a conduit for vessels, nerves, lymphatics to reach the viscera
    1. The mesentery
    2. Transverse mesocolon
    3. Sigmoid mesocolon
38
Q

What is (peritoneal) ligament?

A
  • Double fold of v peritoneum that joins any two abdominal organs
  • Double fold of v peritoneum that attaches visceral organ to the posterior abdominal wall
39
Q

What is the greater omentum derived from?

A

Dorsal mesentery

40
Q

What is the lesser omentum derived from?

A

Ventral mesentery

41
Q

What is the mesentery, trasnverse mesocolon and sigmoid mesocolon derived from?

A

Dorsal mesentery

42
Q

What can be found between the two layers of visceral peritoneum?

A
  • Fat
  • Peritoneal fluid
  • WBC
43
Q

What are the two ligaments found in the lesser omentum?

A
  1. Hepatogastric ligament

2. Hepatoduodenal ligament

44
Q

What are the ligaments found in the greater omentum?

A
  1. Gastrophrenic ligament
  2. Gastrosplenic ligament
  3. Gastrocolic ligament
45
Q

What are the two different colic compartments that the abdomen can be divided into? Where is the dividing line?

A
  1. Supracolic compartment
  2. Infracolic compartment
    Dividing line = determined by the attachments of the transverse mesocolon
46
Q

What are Peyer’s patches?

A

Small masses of lymphatic tissue found throughout the ileum

  • AKA aggregated lymphoid nodules
  • Form an important part of the IS by monitoring intestinal bacteria populations and preventing the growth of pathogenic bacteria in the intestines
47
Q

What are the MALT organs?

A

The mucosa-assoc lymphoid tissue
- Diffuse system of small concentrations of lymphoid tissue found in various submucosal membrane sites of the body, such as the GIT, nasopharynx, thyroid, breast, lung, salivary glands, eye and skin

DIG (31 decks)

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