L02-Bone marrow and haemapoiesis Flashcards
What is the principle method of innate immune system recognising pathogens?
Each innate immune cell carries an array of recognition molecules that can recognise molecular patterns seen on pathogens
What are granulocytes?
neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils
What are the two broad lineages that hematopoietic stem cells can differentiate into?
Myeloid lineage - erythrocytes, platelets, granulocytes, monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells
Lymphoid lineage- T and B lymphocytes, NK cells
Where does haematopoiesis occur in the foetus?
Definitive HSCs begin to appear in the aorta-gonad-mesonephros (AGM) before migrating to the foetal liver and then to the bone marrow.
What is the difference between red and yellow marrow?
Red marrow is where haemotopoiesis occurs and is associated with a rich blood supply
Yellow marrow is just fat cells and no active haematopoiesis occurs here.
What do haematopoietic stem cells require to develop and differentiate?
Intrinsic factors i.e. lineage-determining transcription factors and their epigenetic regulation
Extrinsic regulators i.e. soluable growth factors
What protein regulates platelet production and where is it produced?
Thrombopoietin is mainly produced by the liver
How are platelets produced?
They bud off megakaryocytes which form from megakaryoblasts. 2000-3000 platelets are formed from each megakaryocyte.
What regulates granulocyte production?
Granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils) production is regulated by G-CSF (Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor) glycoprotein.
What is the main stimulus for epo production?
The main stimulus is hypoxia.
What are haematopoietic growth factors and where are they produced?
HGFs are soluable regulators for survival, proliferation and differation of primitive hematopoietic stem cells. They are produced in the bone marrow stroma.
What is thromabopoietin mainly used to treat?
Immune thrombocytopenia
What are the difference between leukaemias and lymphomas?
leukaemias are cancers of haematopoietic cells which arise in the marrow and spread to the blood and lymph nodes.
Lymphomas are cancers of the cells in the lymph nodes and spleen that can then spread to the bone marrow.
What do these types of leukaemia stand for? AML, CML, ALL, CLL
AML-acute myeloid leukaemia
CML-Chronic myeloid leukaemia
ALL-Acute lymphocytic leukaemia
CLL- Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia
