L01: Introducing the Metaphor

Question 1

All organisms (including plants and fungi) have _____. These are clearly derived from common ancestral forms, currently classified as innate.

Answer 1

defense mechanisms

Question 2

Vertebrates have an additional particularly effective defense - acquired or adaptive immunity involving ____production.

Answer 2

antibody

Question 3

Immune responses are ____ expensive

Answer 3

energetically

Question 4

How have engineers helped keep us healthy?

Answer 4

1. clean water
2. proper sewage disposal
3. mosquito (and other insect) discouraging buildings
4. communications and transportation infrastructure - allows delivery of preventive health care and distribution of food.
5. vaccination- OK the engineers didn’t give us this one, but without the communications and transportation infrastructure, it’s hard to deliver vaccines.

Question 5

Viruses include:

Answer 5

Question 6

Bacteria include:

Answer 6

• Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB)
• E. coli
• anthrax
• bubonic plague
• strep
• cholera
• syphilis
• Clostridium difficile

Question 7

Answer 7

gram positive

Question 8

Answer 8

gram-negative = more dangerous

Question 9

Fungi include:

Answer 9

• Candida albicans (yeast)
• athlete’s foot
• ringworm
• Cryptococcus gattii

Question 10

Unicellular Eukaryotes include:

Answer 10

• malaria
• trypanosomes
• amoebae
• Giardia
• Chagas

Question 11

Parasitic worms include:

Answer 11

• flukes
• tapeworms
• hookworms
• heartworms

Question 12

all-out war-if this response consumes a lot of energy and destroys many of the body’s own cells, so be it. The alternative is death and you risk all.

Answer 12

T_H1

Question 13

Cold war (containment) – diplomatic sanctions and trade embargoes. This is the kind of response we make to chronic infections and to manyhelminth (worm) parasites.

Answer 13

T_H2

Question 14

Non-Hostile or normal relations (peaceful coexistence): So you wantsome kind of signaling process that tells you to leave alone harmless bacteria.

Answer 14

T_reg

Question 15

Innate

Answer 15

• Fast (minutes)
• Always there
• Recognizes patterns
• Phagocytes, NK cells, proteins & barriers

Question 16

Adaptive

Answer 16

• Slower-weeks initially, 3 or more days subsequently
• requires gene rearrangement
• Recognizes specific proteins
• B and TH and Tc cells

Question 17

___ cells coordinate immune response

Answer 17

T_H

Question 18

___ cells attack and kill cells

Answer 18

T_C

Question 19

Both T_H and T_C cells bind antigen with their ___

Answer 19

αβ T-cell receptors (TCRs)

Question 20

T_H cells have ___ co-receptors

Answer 20

CD 4

Question 21

T_C cells have ___ co-receptors

Answer 21

CD 8

Question 22

T_H cells recognize antigen presented on ___

Answer 22

MHC II

Question 23

T_C cells recognize antigen presented on ___

Answer 23

MHC I

Question 24

T_H cells recognize antigen presented by ___ cells

Answer 24

• sentinel dendritic
• macrophages
• B-cells

Question 25

T_C cells recognize antigen presented by ___ cells

Answer 25

• all nucleated cells except sperm

Question 26

Antigen recognized by T_H cells is the product of ____ and is hydrolized in the ___

Answer 26

• phagocytosis
• phagolysosome

Question 27

Antigen recognized by T_C cells is ____ and hydrolized in the ___

Answer 27

• synthesized in the presenting cells
• proteosome

Question 28

T_H cell response:

Answer 28

• coordinates immune response

Question 29

T_C cells response:

Answer 29

• attacks and kills APCs