L01: Introducing the Metaphor Flashcards
All organisms (including plants and fungi) have _____. These are clearly derived from common ancestral forms, currently classified as innate.
defense mechanisms
Vertebrates have an additional particularly effective defense - acquired or adaptive immunity involving ____production.
antibody
Immune responses are ____ expensive
energetically
How have engineers helped keep us healthy?
- clean water
- proper sewage disposal
- mosquito (and other insect) discouraging buildings
- communications and transportation infrastructure - allows delivery of preventive health care and distribution of food.
- vaccination- OK the engineers didn’t give us this one, but without the communications and transportation infrastructure, it’s hard to deliver vaccines.
Viruses include:
Bacteria include:
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB)
- E. coli
- anthrax
- bubonic plague
- strep
- cholera
- syphilis
- Clostridium difficile
gram positive
gram-negative = more dangerous
Fungi include:
- Candida albicans (yeast)
- athlete’s foot
- ringworm
- Cryptococcus gattii
Unicellular Eukaryotes include:
- malaria
- trypanosomes
- amoebae
- Giardia
- Chagas
Parasitic worms include:
- flukes
- tapeworms
- hookworms
- heartworms
all-out war-if this response consumes a lot of energy and destroys many of the body’s own cells, so be it. The alternative is death and you risk all.
TH1
Cold war (containment) – diplomatic sanctions and trade embargoes. This is the kind of response we make to chronic infections and to manyhelminth (worm) parasites.
TH2
Non-Hostile or normal relations (peaceful coexistence): So you wantsome kind of signaling process that tells you to leave alone harmless bacteria.
Treg
Innate
- Fast (minutes)
- Always there
- Recognizes patterns
- Phagocytes, NK cells, proteins & barriers
Adaptive
- Slower-weeks initially, 3 or more days subsequently
- requires gene rearrangement
- Recognizes specific proteins
- B and TH and Tc cells
___ cells coordinate immune response
TH
___ cells attack and kill cells
TC
Both TH and TC cells bind antigen with their ___
αβ T-cell receptors (TCRs)
TH cells have ___ co-receptors
CD 4
TC cells have ___ co-receptors
CD 8
TH cells recognize antigen presented on ___
MHC II
TC cells recognize antigen presented on ___
MHC I
TH cells recognize antigen presented by ___ cells
- sentinel dendritic
- macrophages
- B-cells
TC cells recognize antigen presented by ___ cells
- all nucleated cells except sperm
Antigen recognized by TH cells is the product of ____ and is hydrolized in the ___
- phagocytosis
- phagolysosome
Antigen recognized by TC cells is ____ and hydrolized in the ___
- synthesized in the presenting cells
- proteosome
TH cell response:
- coordinates immune response
TC cells response:
- attacks and kills APCs
