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MJM > L01- INTRO TO MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM > Flashcards

L01- INTRO TO MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 functions of the MSS?

A
  • Movement
  • Protection
  • Reservoir for calcium homeostasis
  • Thermoregulation
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2
Q

What is superficial fascia and what are its functions?

A
  • The subcutaneous fibrous fatty connective tissue that lies beneath the dermis of the skin
  • Function is to attach the skin to the rest of the body
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3
Q

What are the two variants of deep fascia?

A
  • Investing deep fascia (most superficial)
  • Deeper layers of deep fascia
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4
Q

What does investing deep fascia do?

A

It separates the body from the skin and superficial fascia. It is continuous throughout the body

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5
Q

What do the deeper layers of deep fascia do and what are they?

A

They are inward continuations of the investing deep fascia. It leads to the structural partitioning of limbs into different muscular compartments

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6
Q

What do the deeper layers of deep fascia give rise to in limbs? (3)

A
  • intermuscular septa
  • interosseous membranes
  • Periosteum.
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7
Q

What are 5 things that muscles of a particular compartment have?

A
  • Common functions
  • Share common innervation
  • arterial supply
  • venous drainage
  • lymphatics.
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8
Q

What are 4 properties of a typical skeletal muscle?

A
  • Contractile
  • Voluntary
  • Extensile
  • Elastic
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9
Q

What is the function of tendons and how do they work?

A

They attach muscles to bones. When muscles are active, they shorten. This results in them pulling tendons which means the tendons pull on bones. This results in the displacement of a bone around its joint

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10
Q

What are tendons made from?

A

Dense regular connective tissue which is formed from the consolidation of collagen fibres. The collagen fibres are derived from epimysium and perimysium

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11
Q

What are the two types of tendons?

A
  • Tendons of origin
  • Tendons of insertion
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12
Q

What is the axial skeleton?

A

Skull, ribs and vertebrae

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13
Q

What is the appendicular skeleton?

A

Upper limbs, lower limbs and the girdles that connect them to the axial skeleton

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14
Q

What is cartilage and what are the three types of cartilage?

A
  • Specialised type of hard connective tissue
  • Hyaline cartilage
  • Fibrocartilage
  • elastic cartilage
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15
Q

What are the two functions of ligaments?

A
  • Ligaments help to stabilise moveable joints
  • They attach bone to bone
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16
Q

What are the 3 functions of cartilage?

A
  • Support soft tissue
  • Gliding surface for bones
  • Framework for bone growth
17
Q

Describe hyaline cartilage

A
  • Most common
  • It has articulating surfaces
  • It has a matrix with a moderate amount of collagen fibres
18
Q

Describe elastic collagen

A
  • Matrix has lots of elastic fibres
  • In areas of less mechanical stress - more elastic, less collagen fibres
19
Q

Describe fibrous cartilage

A
  • Limited cells
  • Limited ground substance
  • Most inextensible in weight bearing areas
20
Q

Give an example of where fibrous cartilage is found

A
  • Pubic symphysis
  • Intervertebral disk
21
Q

Which bones are not articulating surfaces?

A

Bones that are not touching each other - they don’t need hyaline cartilage

22
Q

Give 5 functions of bone

A
  • Support structure
  • Protects vital organs
  • Reservoir for calcium and phosphorous
  • Site of haematopoiesis
  • Leavers for muscles/ movements
23
Q

What are the two categories/ type of bone? Describe them

A

Compact:
- Outer
- Dense

Cancellous (trabecular/ spongy)
- Inner
- Cavities contain haemopoietic cells

24
Q

What are the 3 types of joints?

A
  • Fibrous joints
  • Cartilaginous joints
  • Synovial joints
25
Q

Give the two main parts of a synovial joint

A
  • Synovial membrane
  • Fibrous membrane (outside)
26
Q

What does the synovial membrane do?

A
  • Attaches to margins of joint surfaces at the interface of the cartilage and bone
  • Encloses the articular cavity
  • Makes synovial fluid which reduces friction
  • Lots of blood vessels to produce synovial fluid
27
Q

What does the fibrous membrane do?

A
  • On the outside
  • Surrounds and stabilises the joint
  • Thickened to form ligaments and further stabilise
  • Can also be ligaments outside the capsule
28
Q

What are fat pads?

A

Found between synovial membrane and the capsule. Reduces friction and moves with movement.

29
Q

What are bursa and what are their functions?

A
  • Other synovial structure. They are small fluid filled sacs lined by a synovial membrane and filled with synovial fluid.
  • Reduces friction and can be found in between tendons/ bone/ skin. Can get inflamed
30
Q

What colours does bone marrow appear as on diagrams and why?

A
  • Red - RBC and blood vessels
  • Yellow - fat
31
Q

What is the name of a bone in a tendon?

A

Sesamoid bone

32
Q

What are articular disks and what is their function?

A
  • They are fibrocartilage
  • They absorb compression forces and they adjust to changes in the contour of the joint surface during movements
33
Q

What are the 6 types of synovial joints?

A
  • Hinge (Elbow)
  • Saddle (carpometacarpal joints)
  • Planar (acromioclavicular joint)
  • Pivot (atlantoaxial joint)
  • Conyloid joint
  • Ball and socket joint
34
Q

What is the origin of a skeletal muscle?

A
  • The original tendon
  • The proximal attachment point
35
Q

What is the insertion of a skeletal muscle?

A
  • The attachment tendon
  • The distal attachment point
36
Q

Name the 8 types of muscle

A
  • Circular
  • Unipennate
  • Bipennate
  • Multipennate
  • Two - bellied
  • Convergent
  • Fusiform
  • Strap/ Flat
37
Q

What is compartment syndrome?

A

When the pressure within a compartment increases, the blood flow to the area is restricted and this can potentially damage the nearby muscles and nerves. Chronic is less serious compared to acute

38
Q

How to relieve compartment syndrome?

A

Fasciotomy - This is a surgery to relieve pressure and swelling in a compartment

39
Q

What is syndesmosis?

A

A complex fibrous joint between two bones that is connected by ligaments and a strong membrane. There is little movement

MJM (8 decks)

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