L01- INTRO TO MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM Flashcards
What are the 4 functions of the MSS?
- Movement
- Protection
- Reservoir for calcium homeostasis
- Thermoregulation
What is superficial fascia and what are its functions?
- The subcutaneous fibrous fatty connective tissue that lies beneath the dermis of the skin
- Function is to attach the skin to the rest of the body
What are the two variants of deep fascia?
- Investing deep fascia (most superficial)
- Deeper layers of deep fascia
What does investing deep fascia do?
It separates the body from the skin and superficial fascia. It is continuous throughout the body
What do the deeper layers of deep fascia do and what are they?
They are inward continuations of the investing deep fascia. It leads to the structural partitioning of limbs into different muscular compartments
What do the deeper layers of deep fascia give rise to in limbs? (3)
- intermuscular septa
- interosseous membranes
- Periosteum.
What are 5 things that muscles of a particular compartment have?
- Common functions
- Share common innervation
- arterial supply
- venous drainage
- lymphatics.
What are 4 properties of a typical skeletal muscle?
- Contractile
- Voluntary
- Extensile
- Elastic
What is the function of tendons and how do they work?
They attach muscles to bones. When muscles are active, they shorten. This results in them pulling tendons which means the tendons pull on bones. This results in the displacement of a bone around its joint
What are tendons made from?
Dense regular connective tissue which is formed from the consolidation of collagen fibres. The collagen fibres are derived from epimysium and perimysium
What are the two types of tendons?
- Tendons of origin
- Tendons of insertion
What is the axial skeleton?
Skull, ribs and vertebrae
What is the appendicular skeleton?
Upper limbs, lower limbs and the girdles that connect them to the axial skeleton
What is cartilage and what are the three types of cartilage?
- Specialised type of hard connective tissue
- Hyaline cartilage
- Fibrocartilage
- elastic cartilage
What are the two functions of ligaments?
- Ligaments help to stabilise moveable joints
- They attach bone to bone
What are the 3 functions of cartilage?
- Support soft tissue
- Gliding surface for bones
- Framework for bone growth
Describe hyaline cartilage
- Most common
- It has articulating surfaces
- It has a matrix with a moderate amount of collagen fibres
Describe elastic collagen
- Matrix has lots of elastic fibres
- In areas of less mechanical stress - more elastic, less collagen fibres
Describe fibrous cartilage
- Limited cells
- Limited ground substance
- Most inextensible in weight bearing areas
Give an example of where fibrous cartilage is found
- Pubic symphysis
- Intervertebral disk
Which bones are not articulating surfaces?
Bones that are not touching each other - they don’t need hyaline cartilage
Give 5 functions of bone
- Support structure
- Protects vital organs
- Reservoir for calcium and phosphorous
- Site of haematopoiesis
- Leavers for muscles/ movements
What are the two categories/ type of bone? Describe them
Compact:
- Outer
- Dense
Cancellous (trabecular/ spongy)
- Inner
- Cavities contain haemopoietic cells
What are the 3 types of joints?
- Fibrous joints
- Cartilaginous joints
- Synovial joints
Give the two main parts of a synovial joint
- Synovial membrane
- Fibrous membrane (outside)
What does the synovial membrane do?
- Attaches to margins of joint surfaces at the interface of the cartilage and bone
- Encloses the articular cavity
- Makes synovial fluid which reduces friction
- Lots of blood vessels to produce synovial fluid
What does the fibrous membrane do?
- On the outside
- Surrounds and stabilises the joint
- Thickened to form ligaments and further stabilise
- Can also be ligaments outside the capsule
What are fat pads?
Found between synovial membrane and the capsule. Reduces friction and moves with movement.
What are bursa and what are their functions?
- Other synovial structure. They are small fluid filled sacs lined by a synovial membrane and filled with synovial fluid.
- Reduces friction and can be found in between tendons/ bone/ skin. Can get inflamed
What colours does bone marrow appear as on diagrams and why?
- Red - RBC and blood vessels
- Yellow - fat
What is the name of a bone in a tendon?
Sesamoid bone
What are articular disks and what is their function?
- They are fibrocartilage
- They absorb compression forces and they adjust to changes in the contour of the joint surface during movements
What are the 6 types of synovial joints?
- Hinge (Elbow)
- Saddle (carpometacarpal joints)
- Planar (acromioclavicular joint)
- Pivot (atlantoaxial joint)
- Conyloid joint
- Ball and socket joint
What is the origin of a skeletal muscle?
- The original tendon
- The proximal attachment point
What is the insertion of a skeletal muscle?
- The attachment tendon
- The distal attachment point
Name the 8 types of muscle
- Circular
- Unipennate
- Bipennate
- Multipennate
- Two - bellied
- Convergent
- Fusiform
- Strap/ Flat
What is compartment syndrome?
When the pressure within a compartment increases, the blood flow to the area is restricted and this can potentially damage the nearby muscles and nerves. Chronic is less serious compared to acute
How to relieve compartment syndrome?
Fasciotomy - This is a surgery to relieve pressure and swelling in a compartment
What is syndesmosis?
A complex fibrous joint between two bones that is connected by ligaments and a strong membrane. There is little movement
