L01 and AP01 definitions

Question 1

Antagonist

Answer 1

The muscle of muscle group that has the opposite action of a given agonist and this helps the agonist perform its action

Question 2

Agonist

Answer 2

Also known as the prime mover. The main muscle or muscle group that is directly responsible for a specific movement

Question 3

Synergist and fixators

Answer 3

Muscles/ muscle group that assists the agonists. Fixators also have a role in stabilising the joint.

Question 4

Isotonic contraction

Answer 4

Length of the muscle changes but the tension remains the same

Question 5

What is it called when a muscle lengthens?

Answer 5

Eccentric contraction

Question 6

What is it called when a muscle shortens?

Answer 6

Concentric contraction

Question 7

Isometric contraction

Answer 7

The muscle is tense but remains the same length

Question 8

Unipennate muscles and example

Answer 8

• Fascicles are all on the same side of a tendon
• Example = extensor digitorum longus found in the lateral lower leg and the flexor policies longus in the thumb

Question 9

Bipennate muscles and example

Answer 9

• Two sets of tendons that lie obliquely on both sides of a common tendon
• Example = flexor digitorum profundus

Question 10

Multipennate muscles and example

Answer 10

• Fascicles insert on multiple tendons tapering towards a common tendon - multiple tendonous attachments running obliquely
• Example = subscapularis and deltoid

Question 11

Convergent muscles and example

Answer 11

• Fascicles attach along a broad tendon at one end of the muscle and converge to a narrow tendon at the other
• Pectoralis major

Question 12

Circular muscles and example

Answer 12

• Concentrically arranged bundles of muscle fibres
• Orbicularis

Question 13

Fusiform muscles and example

Answer 13

• Parallel fibres that run the length of the muscle and narrow at each end, forming a spindle shape. Muscles have an insertion head and an origin point
• Biceps brachii

Question 14

Two bellied and example

Answer 14

• Two muscular bellies united by an intermediate rounded tendon
• Digastric

Question 15

Where are ligaments found?

Answer 15

Bone to bone

Question 16

Where are tendons found?

Answer 16

Muscle to bone

Question 17

Explain the relationship between stability and mobility

Answer 17

Decrease in stability results in an increase in mobility

Question 18

Define flexibility

Answer 18

The ability of a muscle or muscle groups to lengthen passively through a range of motion

Question 19

5 types of bone

Answer 19

• Long bone
• Flat bone
• Sesamoid bone
• Irregular bone
• Short bones

Question 20

Long bone definition and examples

Answer 20

• Bone that is longer than it is wide.
• Humerus
• Ulna
• Tibia
• Clavicle

Question 21

Short bone definition and examples

Answer 21

• Bones that have a roughly cuboid or round shape
• Tarsal bone
• Carpal bone

Question 22

Flat bone definition and examples

Answer 22

• Thin bones that can be curved or flat.
• skull bones
• scapula
• sternum
• sacrum

Question 23

Irregular bone definition and examples

Answer 23

• Don’t fit into any other categories
• Vertebrae, hip bone and some bones of the skull