Kumon F - 文法

Question 0

Imperative form

Strong language - only used in emergencies or when cheering on athletes etc
Used for elders or those that social outrank give orders

Answer 0

U- verbs
Change u row to e row

消す－－＞消せ 走る－－＞はしれ
待つ－－＞待て

Ru-verbs
Change ru to ro
見る－－＞見ろ 食べる－－＞食べろ

Irregular
する－－＞しろ
来る－－＞来い (こい)

Question 1

Obligations Expressions (verbs)

Actions which must me carried out

Answer 1

Verbs

〜ないーー>なければならない

Question 2

Imperative form

Strong language with some politeness - only used for elders or those that social outrank give instructions

Answer 2

ます form with ~なさい instead of 〜ます

U-verbs

歩く－－＞歩きなさい
走る－－＞走りなさい

Ru-verbs

見る－－＞見なさい
食べる－－＞食べなさい

Irregular verbs

する－－＞しなさい
来る－－＞来なさい

Question 3

Imperative prohibitive form

Strong language. Not used in normal conversation.

Answer 3

な is added to the dictionary form

走る－－＞走るな
する－－＞するな
来る－－＞来るな
捨てる－－＞捨てるな

Question 4

Conditional expressions for verbs.

Answer 4

U-verbs

Change dictionary form う to え and add ば

行く－－＞行けば
曲がる－－＞曲げば

Ru-verbs

Change る to れば

降りる－－＞降りれば
出る－－＞出れば

Irregular verbs

る becomes れば

する－－＞すれば
来る－－＞来れば

Negative all verbs

Change ない to なければ

Question 5

と思う

Answer 5

After dictionary form or verbs and after い-adjectives, add と思う。

After nouns and な-adjectives add だと思う

Question 6

Conditional expressions for い-adjectives.

Answer 6

Affirmative

Change い to ければ

近い－－＞近ければ
いそがしい－－＞いそがしければ
*都合がいい－－＞都合がよければ

Negative

Change ない to なければ

遅くない－－＞遅くなければ
寒くない－－＞寒くなければ

Question 7

Conditional expressions for な-adjectives and nouns

Answer 7

な-adjectives

Change だ to なら

Nouns

Add なら

Negative of both

Change ではない to でなければ

Question 8

Cause/reason Expressions

Answer 8

ので/から

Verbs and い-adjectives

Short form +ので\から

The past of nouns and な-adjectives

Short form +ので\から

The non-past of nouns and な-adjectives

Change to なので or だから

から

からです can be used when just giving a reason in short to questions that include なぜ or どうして

Question 9

While~

Time expression

Answer 9

Change the ます of the 〜ます form verb to ながら

Question 10

A took place before B before

Time expression

Answer 10

Change verb to てform before adding から

Question 11

Conjunctions and, so & then

Answer 11

そして ー and

Used when enumeration multiple things and when connecting consecutive things

それで ー so

Used when the preceding sentence is used for the latter sentence. Used in the latter sentence.

するとー then

Used when in response to the preceding thing, it is followed by the next thing that happened or that was realised.

Question 12

Conjunctions - but, however & this is because

Answer 12

しかし ー but

Used when describing things opposite to preceding sentence.

ところが ー however

Used when describing things that are contrary to expectations to preceding sentence.

なぜなら ー this is because

Describing reason to preceding sentence. Used with からだ/からです

Question 13

〜たり〜たり

Answer 13

Used when giving examples

Question 14

Expectation expressions

Answer 14

Change ます to たい

Negative

たくない/たくありません

Question 15

Permission expressions

Answer 15

てもいい

てform - Seeking permissions (か marker) or giving permission

なくてもいい

ない form - not necessary, don’t have to.

てもよっかた

て form - could have

なくてよっかた

ない form - didn’t have to

Question 16

Prohibitive Expressions

Answer 16

てはいけない

て-form then はいけない/はいけません

Question 17

Experience expressions

Answer 17

Past tense short form た

たことがある
たことがない

Question 18

Advice expressions

Recommending or advising certain actions.

Answer 18

Positive - Past tense short form

たほうがいい

Negative - negative short form

ないほうがいい