KQ6 - Terror And Persuasion

Question 1

Terror Points

Answer 1

SS
Gestapo
Concentration Camps
SD

Question 2

When was the SS formed? Why

Answer 2

1925, to act as a bodyguard to Hitler

Question 3

Who led the SS? Since when?

Answer 3

Heinrich Himmler after 1929

Question 4

What colour was the SS uniform?

Answer 4

Black

Question 5

How many members of SS were their?

Answer 5

By 1934, the SS had more than 50 000 members who were fine examples of the Aryan rave (expected to marry racially pure wives)

Membership of the SS and it’s various bodies had grown to 250000 by 1939

Question 6

When was the Gestapo set up? By who?

Answer 6

Set up in 1933 by Goering

Question 7

What was the Gestapo?

Answer 7

The Secret State Police (Geheime Staatspolizei)

Question 8

When did the Gestapo come into the control of the SS?

Answer 8

1936

Question 9

Who supervised the Gestapo?

Answer 9

It was supervised by Himmler’s deputy, Reinhard Heydrich.

Question 10

What was the role of the Gestapo?

Answer 10

By 1939, the Gestapo was the most important police section of the Nazi State.

It could arrest and imprison those suspected to oppose the state. They were everywhere.

The most likely destination was the concentration camps run by the SS.

Question 11

How many people were under arrest for political crimes?

Answer 11

By 1939, there were about 160000 people under arrest for political crimes

Question 12

What was the main role of the SS?

Answer 12

The SS became responsible for the removal of all opposition to the Nazis within Germany.

Question 13

What was the SD?

Answer 13

The SD (Sicherheitsdienst) was the intelligence body of the Nazis.

The main aim was the discover actual and potential enemies to the Nazi Party and ensure they were removed.

Question 14

When was the SD set up?

Answer 14

1931

Question 15

Who was the SD led by?

Answer 15

Under the command of Heinrich Himmler who appointed Reinhard Heydrich to organise the department.

Question 16

Who did the first concentration camps hold?

Answer 16

At first, concentration camps set up detain political opponents including communists, socialists, trade unionists, and others who had left-wing and liberal political views.

Question 17

Who ran the concentration camps?

Answer 17

The SA and SS ran the concentration camps though only the Gestapo had the authority to carry out arrests or interrogations and send people there.

Question 18

The first concentration camps - Names

Answer 18

The earliest was in Dachau (near Munich).

Others followed, including Buchenwald, Mauthausen and Sachsenhausen

Question 19

How were prisoners classified?

Answer 19

Different categories denoted by a different coloured triangle which had to been worn.

Pink triangles for homosexuals and red on were political prisoners.

Question 20

The work in concentration camps?

Answer 20

Initially, the work was pointless. E.g breaking stones.

Gradually, prisoners were used as forced workers in quarries, building, coal mines and armament factories.

Question 21

The conditions at concentration camps. Excuse for death?

Answer 21

Inmates were underfed and treated with brutality. Consequently, the mortality rates were very high.

If someone was killed at a concentration camp , family would receive a note saying that the inmate had died of a disease or been shot trying to escape.

Question 22

What happened to the law courts?

Answer 22

They experienced Gleichschaltung

Question 23

What happened to judges?

Answer 23

Some judges removed.

Had to become members of the National Socialist League for the Maintenance of Law.

Judges knew that the Minister of Justice and Hitler would alter sentences if they felt they had been too lenient.

From 1936, Judges had to wear the swastika and Nazi eagle on their robes.

Question 24

What happened to lawyers?

Answer 24

In October 1933, the German Lawyers Front was established and there were more than 10000 members by the end of the year.

Question 25

When was the People’s Court established?

Answer 25

1934

Question 26

What was the People’s Court?

Answer 26

Created to try cases of treason

Question 27

When was the Propaganda Ministry set up? By who? What was it called?

Answer 27

In March 1934, Josef Goebbels set up the Ministry for Popular Enlightenment and Propaganda to control the thoughts, beliefs and opinions of the German people.

Question 28

Propaganda Points

Answer 28

``` Radio Cinema Rallies Posters Books ```

Question 29

Radio as Propaganda

Answer 29

All radio stations put under Nazi control. Radio sets were everywhere (including loudspeakers in the streets). Hitler and Goebbels made regular broadcasts. Cheap mass-produced radios sold. By 1939, 70% of German families owned a radio. The People’s Radio lacked shortwave reception preventing Germans from listening to foreign broadcasts.

Question 30

Stat to show popularity of cinema

Answer 30

More than 100 films were being made each year and audiences exceeded 250 million in 1933

Question 31

What happened to cinema?

Answer 31

All film plots shown to Goebbels before going into production. Many Germans were bored by overly political films so he gave loves stories and thrillers pro-Nazi slants. All film performances accompanied by a 45-minute official newsreel which glorified Nazi Germany

Question 32

Famous Nazi film

Answer 32

Hitlerjunge (1933) tellers the story of a boy who runs away from a communist family to join the Hitler Youth only to by murdered by communists.

Question 33

What were the Nuremberg Rallies?

Answer 33

An annual mass rally held at Nuremberg to advertise the Nazi state. They would last for several days and attracted almost 1 million people each year after the Nazis came to power.

Question 34

Local rallies and ‘other’ rallies

Answer 34

Local rallies and marches led by SA and Hitler Youth. Spectacular parades held on other special occasions such as Hitler’s birthday

Question 35

Posters as a form of propaganda

Answer 35

Cleverly used to put across Nazi message. Simple and direct. Many targeted at the Young.

Question 36

Books as censorship/propaganda

Answer 36

Encourage by Goebbels, Berlin students burnt 20000 books written by Jews, communists and anti-Nazi university professors in massive bonfire in May 1933.

Question 37

Censorship of The Arts Points

Answer 37

Goebbels set up the Reich Chamber of Culture. Musicians, writers and actors had to become members. Any that were thought to be unsuitable were banned. ``` Newspapers Music Theatre Architecture Art ```

Question 38

How were Newspapers censored?

Answer 38

Non-Nazi newspapers and magazines shut. By 1935, Nazis had closed down more than 1600 papers and thousands of magazines. The Reich Press Law passed in October 1933, resulted in the removal of Jewish and left-wing journalists. Any Foreign news has to be taken from the German Press agency. Editors threatened with arrest and concentration camp.

Question 39

How was Music censored?

Answer 39

Hitler Hayes jazz due to it being ‘black’ music (racially inferior). The Nazis encouraged traditional German folk music and classical music of Beethoven, Bach and especially, Richard Wagner (Hitler’s favourite)

Question 40

How was the theatre censored?

Answer 40

Theatre was to concentrate on German history and political drama. Cheap theatre tickets made available.

Question 41

How was architecture censored?

Answer 41

Hitler encourage the ‘monumental style’ for public buildings. Copies of Ancient Rome and Greece being made of stone. This is because he felt that Jews had not contaminated it. The ‘country style’ (traditional houses with shutters) was preferred for homes to encourage pride in Germany’s history.

Question 42

What did Hitler do with Modern art? Why?

Answer 42

Modern art was called ‘degenerate’ because Hitler felt it was unpatriotic, backward and Jewish. It was banned.

Question 43

What type of art did the Nazis encourage?

Answer 43

Encourage art which glorified Germany’s past and the power of the Third Reich. rejected the weak and ugly and instead glorified the healthy and strong. Artists expected to portray workers, peasants and women as glorious.

Question 44

How did Hitler implement art?

Answer 44

After 1934, it was decided that all new public buildings had to have sculptures which demonstrated Nazis ideals.

Question 45

What did paintings show?

Answer 45

The Nazis ideal of a simple peasant life. Hard work as heroic. The perfect Aryan Women in their role as housewives and mothers. The