KQ5 - Nazi Policies Flashcards
Describe the RAD
National Labour Service
From 1935, compulsory for 18-25 to serve in RAD for 6 months.
In 1939, the RAD extended to women
Workers lived in camps, wore uniforms, received very low pay and carried out military drills as well as work
(To reduce unemployment)
What things were built due to the Public Work Schemes?
7000Km of Autobahns, hospitals, school and houses
Stat on Public Work Scheme
18.4 billion Reichsmarks in 1933 to 37.1 billion in 1938
How were the Public Work Schemes paid for
The Nazis subsidise private firms, especially the construction industry
Describe rearmament
The reintroduction of conscription in 1925 took thousands of young men into military service. The army grew from 100 000 in 1933 to 1400 000 by 1939.
Coal and chemical usage doubled in the years 1933 to 1939
What was the DAF?
German Labour Front
When did the Nazis ban trade unions?
2 May 1933
How many members did the DAF have by 1939?
22 million
Describe the DAF
Included employers and workers and was supposed the represent the interests of both.
All strikes banned and wedges set by Labour Front.
Workers were given relatively high wages, job security, and social and leisure programmes.
Workers received workbooks recording employment history. Employment depended on the ownership of a workbook. In theory, DAF membership was voluntary but and worker would have found it hard to get job without being member.
The membership fee for the Labour Front ranged from 15 pfennig to 3 Reichsmarks depending on the occupation of the worker.
When was the Volkswagen scheme created?
1938
Describe Volkswagen scheme
1938, DAF organised the scheme giving workers opportunity to subscribe 5 marks a week to buy their own wolkswagen. By the end of 1938, more than 150 000 people had ordered a car and they were told to expect delivery in 1940.
Production shifted to military vehicles in 1939. No single customary for a delivery or had money refunded.
Describe strength through joy
The KdF was set up by DAF to replace trade unions. Tried to improve the leisure time of German workers. A wide range of leisure and cultural trips including concerts, theatre visits, museum tours, holidays and cruises. All low cost, giving ordinary workers access to unattainable activities otherwise.
About 10 million people went on KdF holidays in Germany in 1938.
Beauty of Work was a department that tried to improve working conditions. Organised the building of canteens, swimming pools and sports facilities l. It also installed better lighting in the workplace.
Describe the progress women made during the 1020s/Weimar Period
Political - women given vote. By 1933, one-tenth of the members of the Reichstag were female.
Economic - took up careers in the professions, especially the civil service, law, medicine and teaching. Equal pay. By 1933, there were 100000 female teachers and 3000 doctors.
Social - unescorted, drank, smoked, fashion conscious (short skirts, short hair and make-up) and were frequently slim.
What were the ideal Nazi ideals of a women?
Blonde, heavy-hopped and athletic. Wore flat shoes and full skirt. No make-up and no smoking.
No work, no interest in politics. Did all the household chores.
Why were Nazis so concerned with women being mothers?
The Nazis were worried by the decline in the birth rate. In 1900 there had been more than 2 million live births per year but this figure dropped to less than 1 million in 1933.
Describe the campaign to encourage motherhood
In 1933, the Law for the Encouragement of Marriage was introduced. Loans to young couples. Quarter per child.
Hitler’s Mother’s Birthday (12 August), mother’s cross awarded to women.
In 1938, divorce was made possible if the partner could not have children.
Legend born (Spring of Life) - specially chosen unmarried women could ‘donate a baby to the Fuhrer’ by becoming pregnant bun ‘racially pure’ Schutzstaffel men.
National organisation, German Women’s Enterprise organised classes and radio talks on household topics and the skills of motherhood.
Describe the campaign to remove women from work
3ks (Kinder, kirche, küche) child, kitchen and church.
The Nazis has another incentive to get women to give up work (every job left by a woman became available for a man). Women doctors, civil servants and teachers forced to leave their jobs.
Schoolgirls trained for work in home and discouraged from going on to higher education.
However, from 1937, Nazis had to reverse these policies as Germany was rearming and now Nazis needed women to go back into work. Marriage loans abolished and introduced a compulsory ‘duty year’ for all women entering employment. This change in policy was not very successful. By 1939, there were fewer women working than there had been under the Weimar Republic.
Describe the Control of teachers
By 1937, 97% of teachers had joined. School teachers had to swear an oath of loyalty to Hitler and promote Nazi ideals int he classroom.
By 1936, 36% of teachers were members of the Nazi Party
How many members of the Hitler Youth were there by 1939?
7 million
Describe how Hitler tried to change religion overall
Ministry of Church Affairs set up in 1935 as attempt at o weaken the hold of the Catholic and Protestant churches on the people.
German Faith movement was encouraged by the Nazis in the hope of replacing Christian values and ceremonies with Pagan (non-Christian) ideas. However only 5% of the population joined it.
Describe Hitler’s interactions with the Catholic Church
Catholic’s owed their first allegiance to the Pope. Catholic schools and youth organisations’ message to the young was opposite of the Nazi Party. Catholic’s consistently supported the Centre Party. Hitler intended to remove this party (dissolved itself in early July 1933).
July 1933, he signed the concordant withPope Pius XI which meant he church agreed to stay out of politics if Hitler agreed to not interfere with the Church.
Within a few months Hitler becomes the concordant. Priests arrested and sent to concentration camps. Catholic’s schools were interfered with and eventually abolished. Catholic Youth movements closed down. Monasteries were closed.
Describe the Protestant Church
Protestants who admired Hitler were called ‘German Christians’. They established a new Reich Church, their leader was Ludwig Müller who became the Reich bishop in September 1933.
However many Nazis opposes Nazism, as it conflicted with Christian beliefs. Pastor Martin Niemöller, a WW1 submarine commander led them. In December 1933, Pastors’ Emergency League who for those who opposed Hitler.
How many Jews were in Germany?
500 000
Describe what happened to Jews in education
In October 1936, Jewish teachers were forbidden to give private tuition to German students.
In November 1938, Jewish children were expelled from German schools.
