KQ4 - ADVANCES IN MEDICAL KNOWLEDGE Flashcards
THE FOUR HUMOURS ?
The four humours came from the ideas of Hippocrates
The body has four important liquids and if they became out of balance a person would become unwell.
Blood, yellow bile, black bile, phlegm - Air, fire, earth, water
GALEN ?
AD 129 furthered Hippocrates work by creating the idea of opposites, hot too balance cold etc.
His work in dissecting pigs discovered the nervous system
He discovered that the brain controls speech and that the arteries carry blood
ASTROLOGY ?
Medieval physicians believed that the movement of the planets affected people’s health
They consulted a book called a Valemecum, which contained the zodiac signs and zodiac man chart
THE CHURCH’S INFLUENCE ?
The Church had considerable sway over medical ideas
They funded universities throughout Europe
They supported the ideas of Hippocrates and Galen
Church thought disease was a punishment from God and that atonement through processions and self-flagellation
THREE EARLY MODERN FIGURES ?
Andreas Vesalius
Ambroise Pare
William Harvey
WORK OF VESALIUS ?
Andreas Vesalius was a professor of anatomy at Padua
He carried out dissections on corpses in order to understand human anatomy
In 1543 he published ‘THE FABRIC OF THE HUMAN BODY’
Vesalius disproved Galen’s anatomical drawings
VESALIUS PUBLICATION ?
1543 ‘The fabric of the human body’
WORK OF PARE ?
Ambroise Pare was an army surgeon
Common treatment at the time was to cauterise a wound with boiling oil to stop the bleeding
Pare discovered by chance when he ran out of oil that tying a blood vessel with silk was much more effective in stopping the bleeding
THREADS ARE CALLED LIGATURES
He put a mixture of egg yolk, rose oil and turpentine on the wound to encourage healing
In 1562 he published ‘Five books of Surgery’
Helped develop artificial limbs
Cauterisation was a popular treatment - His new method was slow to be accepted
PARE PUBLICATIONS ?
1562 - ‘Five books of surgery’
WORK OF WILLIAM HARVEY ?
William Harvey used frogs in his experiments due to their slow heartbeats
He discovered that the heart is a PUMP and that blood is PUMPED ONE WAY in a circuit.
He disproves Galen who thought that blood was made in the liver and it replaced blood that was burned in the body
Harvey challenged the practice of bloodletting arguing the body could not have too much blood.
He discovered that blood moves away in the arteries and back in the veins - He also theorised capillaries but couldn’t prove that they existed
1628 - Published ‘On the motions of the Heart’
His work was heavily refuted as he challenged the ancient views and the popular practice of bloodletting
HARVEY PUBLICATIONS ?
1628 - On the motions of the heart’
INDUSTRIAL ADVANCES - PEOPLE ?
Louis Pasteur
Robert Koch
Paul Ehrlich
Dr J W Power
Bone setters of Wales
WORK OF LOUIS PASTEUR ?
Pre-Germ Theory - Spontaneous generation, belief that miasma given off by decaying material caused disease.
Louis Pasteur was a professor of chemistry at the Sorbonne
He pioneered the method of PASTEURISATION - Boiling a liquid kills harmful microbes. Process used on milk to stop it from going bad
In 1861, Pasteur published Germ Theory
Germ theory established the link between germs and disease.
Pasteur created vaccines against chicken cholera (1879) and rabies (1845)
WORK OF KOCH AND EHRLICH ?
Robert Koch furthered Pasteur’s work
He identified the specific bacteria that caused different diseases
He himself identified the bacteria that caused cholera and TB
He pioneered the field of bacteriology
He discovered that the body produces antibodies that naturally kill germs and build up immunity - Proved why vaccination worked.
In 1978, identified the bacteria that caused septicaemia
Nobel prize in 1905
PAUL EHRLICH - Koch’s student, developed Salvarsan 606 - A bullet drug for targeting syphilis
WELSH EXAMPLES - INDUSTRIAL ?
DR J W Power- Medical officer for Ebbw Vale
He set up courses in bacteriology to train doctors in Germ Theory
Set up the Cardiff public health laboratoryin 1898
BONE SETTERS OF WALES -
Thomas Rocyn Jones - Developed new ways of setting bones using splints
Hugh Owen Thomas - Crearted the ‘Thomas Splint’ which saved the need for many amputations during WW1.
Sir Robert Jones - First lecturer in Orthopaedic Surgery at Liverpool University
