KQ3 - ATTEMPTS TO TREAT ILLNESS & DISEASE

Question 1

MEDIEVAL TREATMENT EXAMPLES ?

Answer 1

Herbal Remedies
Bloodletting
Urine Charts
Zodiac
Barber Surgeons

Question 2

Herbal Remedies ?

Answer 2

Widely used, remedies often passed dwon through families
Written in books called herbals - ‘Leech book of Bald’
Some success as plants and honey can be used to alleviate illness

Question 3

BLOODLETTING ?

Answer 3

The favoured way of fighting disease at the time
Done through cupping or using leeches
Totally ineffective as it is based around imbalance in the four humours, a theory we now know to be wrong.

Question 4

BARBER SURGEONS ?

Answer 4

Performed basic surgeries like bonesetting and teeth removal, alongside cutting hair
Largely ineffective as any good they did was often replaced with infection. They used unsterile equipment and were poorly trained

Question 5

ZODIAC CHARTS ?

Answer 5

A person’s star sign was important when diagnosing
Certain star signs linked to different body parts
The chart may show when best to carry out treatment

Question 6

URINE CHARTS ?

Answer 6

Urine was a vital tool in diagnosis
Its look and colour would be compared to a chart
It would often be tasted or smelled

Question 7

WELSH TREATMENTS ?

Answer 7

DYNION HYSBYS
THE PHYSICIANS OF MYDDFAI
THE MEDICINER

Question 8

WHAT WAS THE ROLE OF THE DYNION HYSBYS ?

Answer 8

They treated sickness through charms and spells. Wisemen
Mostly ineffective as their treatments were based around superstition and belief in the supernatural

Question 9

THE PHYSICIANS OF MYDDFAI ?

Answer 9

Treated local lords and recorded their cures and treatments in a manuscript, Red Book of Hergest
Gave instructions on treating patients through surgery

Question 10

THE MEDICINER ?

Answer 10

The mediciner in the laws of Hywel Dda used herbal remedies to treat the sick and repair broken bones.

Question 11

EARLY MODERN TREATMENT ?

Answer 11

Much the same as miasma and the supernatural remained the leading beliefs on what caused disease
Discovery of Quinine to treat malaria
The use of the scientific method to treat disease.

Question 12

ANAESTHETICS PRE-SIMPSON ?

Answer 12

SIR HUMPHREY DAVY - Nitrous Oxide as an anaesthetic
ROBERT LISTON - Amputated a leg using ether as an anaesthetic in 1846

Both had issues with dose control

Question 13

DESCRIBE THE WORK OF JAMES SIMPSON ?

Answer 13

Discovered chloroform as an anaesthetic in childbirth
Public were suspicious until 1857 when Queen Victoria used it to give birth

Allowed for surgery to be painless for the patient
Doctors could now take their time and be more precise in the surgery.

Question 14

WHAT YEAR DID QUEEN VICTORIA USE CHLOROFORM ?

Answer 14

1857

Question 15

DARK AGE OF SURGERY ?

Answer 15

Mortality rates increased in the period between the inventions of anaesthetic and ether. Without the pressure of patients being awake, doctors slowed down their surgeries which increased the chance infection.

Question 16

ANTISEPTICS CONTEXT ?

Answer 16

Until the acceptance of Germ Theory in the 1860s, surgeons did not take any measures to keep wounds clean
Medical equipment and hands were not sterilised before operating

Ignaz Semmelweis was a pioneer in antiseptics
In 1847, he reduced the surgical mortality rate from 35% to nearly 1% in his surgery by making surgeons sterilise their hands

Question 17

IGNAZ SEMMELWEIS YEAR ?

Answer 17

1847

Question 18

WORK OF JOSEPH LISTER ?

Answer 18

Based off of Pasteur’s Germy Theory, Lister attempts to sterilise his operating theatre.
In 1867, he discovers the antiseptic properties of Carbolic Acid
He uses it to sterilise his tools and operating theatre
Bandages are soaked in carbolic acid
Reduced mortality rate from 46-15%

This revolutionised the safety of surgery

Question 19

ANTISEPTICS YEAR ?

Answer 19

1867

Question 20

ASEPTIC SURGERY ?

Answer 20

Following Robert Koch’s discovery that germs were spread through infected surfaces, attempts were made to make Aseptic operating theatres
Attempts working towards it included
Steam Steriliser
Gustav Neuber - FIrst sterile operating theatre
Gloves and surgical gowns

Question 21

WHO HAD THE FIRST STERILE OPERATING THEATRE ?

Answer 21

GUSTAV NEUBER

Question 22

WELSH EXAMPLE - INDUSTRIAL ?

Answer 22

Bonesetter of Wales
Thomas Rocyn Jones - Developed new methods of Bone setting using splints
Hugh Owen Thomas - Created the ‘Thomas Splint’ which greatly reduced the need for amputations during the First World War
Sir Robert Jones - First orthopaedic lecturer at Liverpool University - Father of Orthopaedics

Question 23

WORK OF MARIE CURIE ?

Answer 23

First to discover and isolate the element radium (1898) and polonium
Used as a way of destroying cancerous tissue
In 1911 she won the Nobel prize alongside Pierre Curie and Becquerel for measuring radiation
She helped develop mobile x-ray units during WW1 making diagnosis on the front line easier
She died from radiation exposure

Question 24

WHAT YEAR DID MARIE CURIE WIN THE NOBEL PRIZE ?

Answer 24

1911

Question 25

WHAT YEAR DID MARIE CURIE DISCOVER RADIUM ?

Answer 25

1898

Question 26

WHO DEVELOPED ANTIBIOTICS ?

Answer 26

Fleming, Florey & Chain

Question 27

WORK OF FLEMING ?

Answer 27

Antiseptics were unable to prevent infections in deep wounds.

In 1928, Fleming accidentally discovered that the mould penicillin killed the bacteria Staphylococcus that causes Septicaemia
He called penicillin an antibiotic but did not develop the drug

Question 28

WHAT YEAR DID FLEMING COVER PENICILLIN ?

Answer 28

1928

Question 29

WORK OF FLOREY & CHAIN ?

Answer 29

IN 1937, Florey and Chain began research on Penicillin at Oxford.
1940 it was tested on mice and in 1941 an injured policeman was kept alive using penicillin, he died once they stopped administering the antibiotic.
Florey and Chain managed to get it mass produced in the USA which saved many lives in WW2.
Fleming, Florey & Chain received the Nobel prize in 1945

Question 30

WHEN WAS THE FIRST HEART TRANSPLANT ?

Answer 30

1967

Question 31

THE WORK OF CHRISTIAAN BARNARD ?

Answer 31

In 1967, Christian Barnard performed the world’s first heart transplant in Capetown on Louis Washkansky
He lived 18 days before dying of Pneumonia
Even though the patient died the heart was still healthy, meant it was a success and heart transplants were possible

Organs were often rejected - Which led to the development of immunosuppressant drugs like Cyclosporin in 1974.

This inspired further work into transplant surgery like the first hip replacement in 1972 and the first Bone Marrow transplant in the 1980s.

Question 32

MODERN - HOW CAN CANCER BE TREATED ?

Answer 32

Cancer is an uncontrolled growth of cells in the human body

CHEMOTHERAPY - Using chemicals to attack the cancer
RADIOTHERAPY -Attacking cells with x-rays
SURGERY - Removing cancerous cells in an operation

Question 33

MODERN - ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE ?

Answer 33

Incidents like the Thalidomide case have left many mistrusting of conventional medical treatment

Many now prefer more traditional treatments like acupuncture, health foods, aromatherapy
Holistic Treatment - Physical, mental and spiritual well-being.