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A Level Psychology > Kohlberg's Study > Flashcards

Kohlberg's Study Flashcards

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1
Q

What perspectives’ did Kohlberg take into account when creating his study?

A
  • Psychodynamic (Freud)
  • Behaviourist (Bandura)
  • Cognitive (Jean Piaget)
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2
Q

How does the psychodynamic perspective explain morality in Kohlberg’s study?

A

In terms of a SUPEREGO
- Child’s internalisation of rules and prohibition initially imposed by parents but later adopted by child in form of self-discipline independent of parent approval/displeasure)

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3
Q

How does the behaviourist perspective explain morality in Kohlberg’s study?

A

In terms of observing and imitating models who have behaved in a moral way
- Observation of models who are punished for immoral behaviours causes children to experience vicarious ( experienced in the imagination through the feelings or actions of another person.) punishment and therefore avoid this behaviour

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4
Q

What are the two cognitive concepts of moral development put forward by Jean Piaget?

A

Heteronomous (moral thinking)
Autonomous (moral reasoning)

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5
Q

What is HETERONOMOUS moral thinking?

A

Weighs the outcome of the action to determine how bad it is.
Only sees right and wrong

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6
Q

What is AUTONOMOUS moral reasoning?

A

Takes into account the intent of the person committing the action
Worse intentions = worse punishment

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7
Q

According to Piaget which of the two cognitive accounts for moral development is more complex?

A

Autonomous moral reasoning

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8
Q

What is a deductive approach?

A

When you carry out a study to TEST A CURRENT THEORY

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9
Q

What was Kohlberg’s aim?

A

To provide evidence for his STAGE THEORY OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT

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10
Q

What sample did Kohlberg use?

A

75 American Boys
From middle to lower class families
At the beginning of the 12 years the participants were Aged 10-16 and gre to 22-28

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11
Q

Describe Kohlberg’s procedure?

A
  • Over the course of 12 years the same group of boys were studied following their moral development from early adolescence to young manhood
  • Every 3 years they were given a hypothetical moral dilemma (eg. Joe, Judy and Heinz)
  • MOral dilemmas used to test reasons for obeying rules and moral development in terms or moral values ( value of life etc.)
  • Their answers and reasons were recorded and linked to 25 moral concepts
  • Kohlber carried out the styudy in 6 other countries including;
    Taiwan, Malaysia, Mexico, Great Britain, Turkey and Canada
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12
Q

What is a longitudinal study?

A

A study which takes place over a long period of time

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13
Q

How is Kohlberg’s study longitudinal?

A

It took place over 12 years following the development of 75 boys from early adolescence to young manhood

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14
Q

What are the advantages of a longitudinal study?

A
  • Good to control participant variables
  • By track/monitoring changes overtime aids to identify patterns and connections so cause and effect can be identified more clearly
  • Validity by gathering more data over long periods allows for more concise results
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15
Q

What are the disadvantages of a longitudinal study.p?

A
  • Extraneous variables of upbringing impact behaviour
  • Participant Attrition - people drop out by leaving study (so sample becomes unequal/bias)
  • Time consuming and expensive
  • Requires a large sample of cooperating subjects
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16
Q

What is cross-cultural research?

A

When data is collected in many different countries

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17
Q

Which countries did Kohlberg collect data from?

A

USA, Mexico, Malaysia, Canada, Taiwan, Turkey, Canada, UK

18
Q

What are the advantages of a cross cultural study?

A
  • Makes the research more generalisable
  • Less ethnocentric as considering alternative cultural perspectives
  • Helps establish nature/nurture behaviour
19
Q

What are the disadvantages of a cross-cultural study?

A
  • Materials may be bias towards certain cultures
  • Expensive (travel cost)
  • Time consuming (impractical - language barriers and translation)
20
Q

What are the three levels of Kohlberg’s Theory of moral development?

A

Stages and Ages!
Level 1 - Pre conventional (younger than six)
Level 2 - Conventional (7-11)
Level 3 - Post Conventional (11+)

21
Q

What is stage 1 of the pre-conventional level?

A

Obedience and Punishment Orientation

22
Q

What does punishment and obedience orientation involve?

A

Operant Conditioning
- obeys rules to avoid punishment
- abide to cultural norms
- behave immorally if no authority structure

23
Q

What is stage 2 of pre-conventional moral development ?

A

Self-Interest Orientation

24
Q

What does self-interest orientation involve?

A
  • Naïve hedonism (conforms rewards and receive favours)
  • Behave in a self-centred way
25
Q

What is stage 3 of the conventional level of moral development?

A

Self-Conformity Orientation (good boy/girl morality)

26
Q

What does self-conformity orientation involve?

A

Social Learning Theory (begin to follow majority to look good - want to avoid disapproval)
- begin to consider the intention of the act

27
Q

What is stage 4 of the conventional level for moral development?

A

Law and order orientation

28
Q

What is involved in law and order orientation?

A
  • Conform to avoid censure by authorities
  • Seen as a duty to show respect and maintain social order
  • Laws are set in stone
29
Q

What is stage 5 of the post conventional level of moral development?

A

Social Contract Orientation

30
Q

What does the social contract orientation involve?

A
  • Does what is right based on law plus personal values (laws seen as changeable)
  • To maintain communities but emphasis on individual rights
31
Q

What is stage 6 of the post conventional level for moral development?

A

Universal ethics orientation

32
Q

What is involved in the universal ethics orientation?

A
  • Base judgement on universal human rights of justice, equality, reciprocity and respect for the individual
  • Expense of others in the future
  • Ability to put yourself in others shoes
  • Individual principles of conscience
33
Q

What is the Heinz dilemma about?

A

Is it morally wrong to steal a drug you can’t afford to save your wife

34
Q

How is Kohlberg’s study ethical?

A

Participants provided informed consent
Participants had the right to withdraw
Participants weren’t deceived
Participants details (name and address) were kept confidential
Participants were protected from harm - due to hypothetical moral dilemmas

35
Q

How can Kohlberg’s study be criticised for its ethics?

A

The participant may have experienced stress during the moral dilemmas (protection from harm not upheld)

36
Q

How is Kohlberg’s study ethnocentric?

A
  • Dilemmas maybe ethnocentric because they were designed for a western culture (based on American boys who would have understood the details in the dilemmas)
  • Cross cultural participants were given full instructions/translations as to the context of the dilemmas (7 other countries)
37
Q

How is the study internally reliable?

A
  • It had a standardised procedure with same dilemmas, questions and 3 year interval making it easy to repeat
38
Q

How is the study internally unreliable?

A
  • Cognitive overload - difficult to remember details so responses based on incomplete detail
  • Do they actually understand due to quality of education(low/middle class families)
39
Q

How is Kohlberg’s study externally reliable?

A

Relatively large sample size (suggests a consistent effect for middle/lower class)

Can be críticas due to no girls in sample
SOCIAL CLASS BIAS - participant variables (education) May mean they don’t understand the dilemmas

40
Q

How can the construct (internal) validity of Kohlberg’s study be criticised?

A
  • Demand Characteristics (social desirability bias - conforming to the social norms)
  • Not real situations and may act different in real situation
  • Extraneous variables of upbringing and quality of education
41
Q

How can Kohlberg’s study be criticised for its population validity?

A
  • Sample bias (andocentric) based on a entirely male sample (only reflects male definition of morality - may be more based on law/order than females who may base morals on care/compassion)
  • Purely American sample (western culture)

Study became cross -cultural so May be generalised to other cultures

42
Q

How can Kohlberg’s study be criticised for a lack of external validity?

A
  • in real situations don’t do the same as you may think in artificial moral dilemmas
    In the comfort of a research environment with no consequences

A Level Psychology (21 decks)

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