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A Level Psychology > Exta Bits (experiments) > Flashcards

Exta Bits (experiments) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three measures of central tendency?

A

Mean
Median
Mode

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2
Q

What are the three measures of dispersion?

A

Range
Variance
Standard deviation

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3
Q

How d you calculate variance?

A

Mean score per condition in experiment
Subtract the mean score for each individual score
Square each difference value
Add all the d2 values together
Calculate the man of the d2 scores by adding together and dividing by n-1

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4
Q

How do you calculate standard deviation?

A

Mean score per condition in experiment
Subtract the mean score for each individual score
Square each difference value
Add all the d2 values together
Calculate the man of the d2 scores by adding together and dividing by n-1
Square root answer

Square root variance

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5
Q

What type of data is represented on a histogram?

A

Continuous
Emphasises category width and frequency

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6
Q

What inferential statistical test should you use with NOMINAL LEVEL DATA and INDEPENDENT MEASURES DESIGN?

A

Chi Squared

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7
Q

What inferential statistical test should you use with NOMINAL LEVEL DATA and REPEATED
MEASURES OR MATCHED PARTICIPANT DESIGN?

A

Binomial sign test

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8
Q

What inferential statistical test should you use with ORDINAL LEVEL DATA and INDEPENDENT MEASURES DESIGN?

A

Man Whitney-U

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9
Q

What inferential statistical test should you use with ORDINAL LEVEL DATA and REPEATED MEASURES OR MATCHED PARTICIPANT DESIGN?

A

Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test

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10
Q

What inferential statistical test should you use with ORDINAL LEVEL DATA and CORRELATION?

A

Spearman’s Rho

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11
Q

What parametric test should you use with INTERVAL/RATIO LEVEL DATA and INDEPENDENT MEASURES DESIGN?

A

Independent t-test

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12
Q

What parametric test should you use with INTERVAL/RATIO LEVEL DATA and REPEATED MEASURES OR MATCHED PARTICIPANT DESIGN?

A

Related t-test

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13
Q

What parametric test should you use with INTERVAL/RATIO LEVEL DATA and CORRELATION EXPERIMENT?

A

Pearson’s Product Moment

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14
Q

What are the three criteria that have to be met before using a parametric inferential statistic?

A

Interval level data
There is a normal distribution of the results
All groups in the research have similar variance

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15
Q

What is the purpose of statistical tests?

A

To tell you whether the alternative hypothesis has been supported

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16
Q

How is the standard level of significance written if it’s not been reached?

A

P>0.05
The probability the results are due to chance factors is greater than 1 in 20
SUPPORTS THE NULL HYPOTHESIS

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17
Q

How is the standard level of significance written is it is reached?

A

p<0.05
The probability the results are due to chance is less than or equal to 1 in 20
SUPPORTS ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS

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18
Q

How is the standard level of significance written if it’s been exceeded?

A

P=<0.01
Probability the results are due to chance is equal to/less than 1 in 100
SUPPORTS ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS

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19
Q

What is a type 1 error?

A

Researcher thinks they have found a significant result when they haven’t (false positive)

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20
Q

What is a type 2 error?

A

When researchers think they have not found a significant result when they have (false negative)

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21
Q

What does it mean when the normal distribution curve is negatively skewed?

A

So,e people have scored much lower than the others

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22
Q

What does it mean when the normal distribution curve is positively skewed?

A

A few people scored much higher than most/others

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23
Q

What does this symbol &laquo_space; mean?

A

Much less than

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24
Q

What does this symbols&raquo_space; mean

A

Much more than

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25
What does this symbol mean ~
Approximately
26
What does reliability refer to?
The consistency of the test or measure
27
What is internal reliability?
The consistency of the measuring device (standardised and replicable procedure)
28
What is external reliability?
The consistency of a study’s findings
29
What is a split-half method?
Where the scores from one half of the questions and compared to the scores from the other half of the questions to see if participants scores consistent on both halves
30
What is the test-retest method?
Giving the participants the same test/measure at a different point in time to check whether their two scores are consistent
31
What is inter-rater reliability?
Two or more observers record the behaviour and then their results are compared to check their level of agreement (a high correlation between their scores of 0.8 or more would indicate high inter rater reliability)
32
What is face validity?
Whether a test appears to be measuring what it intends to
33
What is concurrent validity?
Whether a test or study measure gives the same results as another test or study measuring the same concept
34
What is concurrent validity?
Whether a test or study measure gives the same results as another test or study measuring the same concept
35
What is criterion validity?
Refers to how much one test or measure predicts the future performance of another test/meausre
36
What is construct validity?
Refers to whether the test/study actually measures the concept it sets out to measure (and extraneous variables are controlled for)
37
What is population validity?
Refers to the degree to which the sample used in the research is representative if a diverse group of people
38
What is ecological validity?
Refers to how accurately a piece of research reflect real life situations
39
What is REPRESENTATIVENESS
Refers to the sample in the research - if the sample is diverse and includes people from different ages, genders, occupations, education levels etc. it will be representative of the target population
40
What is GENERALISABILITY?
Refers to the results of the research - if the sample used in the research is biased and not very diverse the results can’t be generalised to everyone in the target population
41
What are DEMAND CHARACTERISTICS
Occur when participants work out the aim of the research either because it is obvious it as a result of repeated measures design. They may then change their behaviour and act in a way they think they researcher wants them to act
42
What is SOCIAL DESIRABILITY
Refers to when participants change their behaviour to present an image of being a good member of society or to fir in to social norms, rather than sowing their true behaviours
43
What is RESEARCHER BIAS
Refers to the way the researcher collects and interprets the results of the research. They may interpret behaviour based on their prior expectations and therefore this would lower the findings validity
44
What are RESEARCHER EFFECTS
Refers to the way that participants behaviour is influenced by the presence (and their characteristics) of the researcher
45
What are the 4 broad ethical guidelines?
Respect Competence Responsibility Integrity
46
What requirements come under the ethical guideline respect
Informed consent Right to withdraw Confidentiality
47
What requirements come under the ethical guideline responsibility
Protection from harm Debrief
48
What is an abstract?
It summarises the research/report
49
What is an introduction?
Discuses previous reports/research to link to
50
What does the method include?
Design, sample, materials/apparatus, procedure
51
What do the results include?
They contain raw data, graphs charts and explanations of what happened
52
What’s involved in the discussion?
The findings their implications and limitations
53
What is included in the appendicies?
Any relevant material used from the study
54
What must be included in citing an academic reference?
Authors (surname followed by initial of first name) Year if publication of article Article Title Journal Title Volume of journal Issue number of journal Page range of article
55
What is meant by peer review?
Academic articles need to be read and evaluated by experts in the same field before being published so that they can ensure that the methodology used is robust (i.e. valid and reliable measures have been used to collect the results).
56
What are the strengths of peer review?
Can be used to check that research will be useful before it is funded.  Ensures only the most relevant and robust research is published.  It ensures that only valid results are published so the journals retain their reputation.
57
What are the weaknesses of peer review?
Can take a long time.  Some reviewers may not pass research that contradicts their own.  May not be possible to detect research that has used false data.
58
What is meant by the study of cause and effect?
Where a researcher can show that one variable is actually causing a change in another variable.
59
What is meant by falsifiability?
The ability, in principle, to prove a claim wrong
60
What is meant by objectivity?
When a claim is a matter of fact, rather than opinion
61
What is meant by replicability?
The ability to repeat a study and therefore test to see if its findings are reliable (the use of controls and standardised procedures make it more replicable)
62
What is INDUCTION
Empirical research is carried out and then a theory is developed to make sense of findings
63
What is DEDUCTION
A theory is developed and then empirical research is carried out to see if the theory is correct (i.e. supported by evidence)
64
What is hypothesis testing?
Based on a psychological theory, a prediction is made about how participants would be expected to behave, which can be tested through research (e.g. experiment, observation, etc.)
65
What is manipulation of variables?
When an independent variable is changed (manipulated) to see what effect this has on a dependent variable (how it affects behaviour)
66
What is standardiseation
The test conditions are kept the same for all participants
67
What are quantifiable measurements?
The use of numerical data, which can be used to compare between conditions. This should be observable and objective.
68
What is interval/ratio data?
This is the highest level of data. Analysis is made of the scores achieved by individual participants. It involves the use of standard universal scales (e.g. seconds, kilograms, metres, etc.
69
What is ordinal data?
This is the medium level of data. Analysis is made of individual scores achieved by participants, but only in relation to each other (i.e., what is analysed is their rank position within a group
70
What is nominal data?
This is the lowest level of data. It is a ‘headcount’ of the number of participants who do one thing as opposed to another.
71
What are the strengths of nominal data?
Quick and easy to obtain because it is just a headcount Can be displayed in pie charts (which can be easily made sense of)
72
What are the weaknesses of nominal data?
Can only analyse the mode of data and cannot calculate the mean or median Cannot analyse measures of dispersion (such as range and standard deviation) Less precise as data is grouped into categories (we don’t know how individual participants scored)
73
What are the strengths of ordinal data?
Can calculate mean, median and mode as measures of central tendency (so more detailed) Can also calculate measures of dispersion Can calculate individual scores of participants and see how they differ
74
What are the weaknesses of ordinal data?
Ordinal data can be subjective (as people may interpret rating scales differently) Although we can work out the rank order of participants, we don’t always know the exact difference between individual scores Worse than nominal because: More time consuming and complex to analyse
75
What are the strengths of interval?
Can calculate mean, median and mode as measures of central tendency Can also calculate measures of dispersion Can calculate individual scores of participants and see how they differ Better than ordinal because: Scores can be compared directly as precise values are recorded (i.e. you can see the actual difference between scores rather than just the rank position) The scores are more consistent as the same universal scale is used (e.g. a cm is always measured in the same way)
76
What are the weaknesses of interval data.
Can only be used with concepts that are measurable through universal scales (can’t be used with attitudes, opinions, etc.) Worse than nominal because: More time consuming and complex to analyse

A Level Psychology (22 decks)

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