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A Level Psychology > Freud's Study > Flashcards

Freud's Study Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 5 factors which create the background to Frued’s study?

A
  • Levels of consciousness (Iceberg theory)
  • How the unconscious reveals itself
  • Drives (principle pleasure)
  • Three parts of personality ‘psyche’
  • Ego Anxiety (Defense Mechanisms)
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2
Q

What is the theory which explores the levels of consciousness?

A

Iceberg Theory

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3
Q

What level of consciousness is the tip of the iceberg (above the surface)?

A

Conscious mind

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4
Q

What makes up the conscious mind?

A

Thoughts, Personality, Memories

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5
Q

What is the next level of consciousness just below the surface?

A

Preconscious mind

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6
Q

What is involved in the preconscious mind?

A

Memories
Stored Knowledge

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7
Q

What is the next level of consciousness deep below the surface/underwater?

A

Unconscious mind

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8
Q

What is involved in the unconscious mind?

A

Selfish needs
Fears
Violent motives
Irrational wishes
Unacceptable desires
Shameful experiences
Immoral urges
Oedipus/Electra complex
Stages of psychosxual development

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9
Q

What is psychoanalysis?

A

a type of psychotherapy

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10
Q

What is the purpose of psychoanalysis?

A

It is intended to help patients become aware of long-repressed unconscious feelings, desires, impulses/issues by using techniques to access the unconscious mind

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11
Q

What are 4 different techniques used to access the unconscious mind?

A

Cathartic Method
Free Association
Dream Interpretation
Fruedian Slips

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12
Q

What does the ‘Cathartic Method’ involve?

A

Involves hypnosis to bring repressed memories into consciousness

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13
Q

What does ‘Free Association’ involve?

A

Patient is encouraged to voice all their thoughts/memories which may indicate an unconscious connection

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14
Q

What does the ‘dream Interpretation’ involve?

A

Dreams give clues to psychodynamic processes occuring which motivate our behaviour

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15
Q

What do ‘Fruedian Slips ‘ involve?

A

Unconscious breakthroughs when we’re talking

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16
Q

What are Phobias?

A

Strong, persistent, irrational fear of a desire to avoid a particular object/situation/activity. Anxiety is out of proportion to actual danger posed causing interference of everyday functioning

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17
Q

What is LIBIDO?

A

a person’s Instinctual drive towards survival and replacement of energy requires translation in to specific terms (food, love, security, sex)

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18
Q

What is the concept of Drives?

A

It is the pleasure principle and attempts to keep excitation/tension as low as possible (desire for IMMEDIATE GRATIFICATION)

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19
Q

What are the three parts of the personality ‘psyche’ ?

A

Id
Ego
Superego

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20
Q

What is the Id?

A

THe PLEASURE PRINCIPLE - selfish part of the personality and demanda instant satisfaction of drives related to sex and aggression

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21
Q

What is the Superego?

A

MORALITY PRINCIPLE - Conscience which works based on societal moral norms of right and wrong

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22
Q

What is the ego?

A

REALITY PRINCIPLE - conscious rational part of our personality attempts to mediate between the id and superego

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23
Q

What is Ego Anxiety?

A

Defense Mechanisms

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24
Q

Why do we have ego anxiety?

A

The ego is constantly under pressure due to psychic conflict and employs defense mechanisms

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25
Q

What are ego anxiety defense mechanisms?

A

Repression
Projection
Displacement
Denial

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26
Q

How does the ego anxiety defense mechanism of REPRESSION work?

A

Ego blocks painful memories, thoughts, desires from our conscious mind

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27
Q

How does the ego anxiety defense mechanism of DISPLACEMENT work?

A

Directing feelings from one object to another (eg. slamming a door after an argument as a way of directing physical aggression (unacceptable behaviour) away from a person to an object

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28
Q

How does the ego anxiety defense mechanism of PROJECTION work?

A

Taking aspects of your own personality that you don’t like and believing other people have those aspects

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29
Q

How does the ego anxiety defense mechanism of DENIAL work

A

The refusal to accept a painful event, thought or feeling as if it didn’t exist

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30
Q

What are the 5 stages of Psychosexual development?

A

Oral Stage
Anal Stage
Phallic Stage
Latency Stage
Genital stage

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31
Q

What is the oral stage of psychosexual development?

A

The principally sexually sensitive zone is the mouth, and the infants greatest source of gratification is sucking e.g. dummies

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32
Q

What ages does the ORAL stage of psychosexual development occur at?

A

0 - 18 months

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33
Q

What is the anal stage of psychosexual development

A

The anus provides the major source of pleasurable stimulation. The child main source of pleasure comes from achieving control of the passing/retaining of faeces

34
Q

What ages does the ANAL stage of psychosexual development occur around?

A

18 months - 36 months (3years)

35
Q

What is the phallic stage of psychosexual development

A

The source of pleasure is now the genitals boys and girls begin to displaying interest in the difference between them. Children develop a strong attachment to the parent of the opposite sex.
OEDIPUS and ELECTRA COMPLEX

36
Q

What is meant by the Oedipus Complex?

A

At the phallic stage children (according to Freud) develop a desire to have a sexual relationship with their opposite gender parent and are fearful of their same sex parent (so they wish they could remove them, i.e son having sexual feelings for Mum).

37
Q

Describe the Oedipus Complex?

A

Boy (child) has a strong desire for his mum
Becomes jealous of Dad and begins to hate him
Greatest fear that fathers annoyance will need to punishment by castration
Begins to notice sexual relationship with mother excludes him
Afraid that father will find out his true feelings
Resolution = boy identifies with his father. This means his father will not be angry as a son no likes him and because the mother likes father, I hope his mother would also like a boy.

38
Q

What is the phallic stage of psychosexual development?

A

ID impulses are less active and focus is on learning about the environment. energies are channeled to other areas of development and growth (eg. Sports)

39
Q

What ages does the LATENCY stage of psychosexual development cover?

A

6 years - until puberty

40
Q

What is the genital stage of psychosexual development?

A

Ego is sufficiently developed to find a partner, interest in the opposite sex reappeared and the focus is back on the gentle region now though the focus is directed outside of the family

41
Q

What ages does the genital stage of psychosexual development cover?

A

Puberty onwards

42
Q

What is the aim of Freud study?

A

To document the case of ‘Little Hans’, a boy who was going through the phallic stage of development, and confirm whether Freud’s theories about the unconscious and Oedipus Complex where true or not

43
Q

What type of study method did Freud use?

A

Case Study Method ( refers to the use of a descriptive research approach to obtain an in-depth analysis of a person, group, or phenomenon.)

44
Q

How long did the study take?

A

Three years (longitudinal)

45
Q

What was the sampling method Freud used?

A

Freud put out a call asking for friends and supporters to send information about their children’s development. Hans’ Father was one such supporter

46
Q

Why was Freud particularly interested in little Han’s?

A

he had been brought up with ‘minimal force’ and was a lively, cheerful baby.

47
Q

What was the Freud’s procedure?

A

Hans’ father recorded details of Hans’ behaviours and conversations, and made his own interpretations. He would then send these in a letter to Freud
• Freud replied with his own interpretations of the behaviours and conversations, and would give guidance on what Hans’ father should be discussing with Hans, and which behaviours to look out for.

48
Q

How many times did Freud meet little Hans during the experiment?

A

Once over the 3 year period

49
Q

Name all four of little Hans phobias?

A

Hans had a phobia of Horses biting him
Hans was fearful of horses, particularly what they were in front of their eyes, blinkers, and the black bit around their mouths
Han was fearful of courts, furniture, vans and buses, fearing they would fall over when they turned
Han was afraid then, when he was in a big bath, his mother would let him go, and his head would go underwater, and he drowned

50
Q

How did Freud interpret Hans fear of horses biting him?

A

Hans has concern his widdler would be cut off – castration anxiety due to his mum’s threat 15 months earlier to get Dr to cut off his widdler due to him having his hand on it.

51
Q

What is Freud interpretation of Hans phobia of the way horses looked?

A

The horse represents Hans’ father, with the horse’s blinkers being like his glasses and the muzzle being like his moustache

52
Q

What was Frueds interpretation of Hans’ phobias of carts, furniture, vans and buses

A

.
Hans’ father had asked him “When the horse fell down, did you think of your daddy?” Hans replied “Perhaps. Yes. It’s possible.” Seen as a desire for his father to die so that Hans could have his mum to himself.

53
Q

What is Freud’s interpretation of Hans, fear/phobia of baths?

A

Interpreted as arising from a death-wish against his sister Hanna. Hans hoped that his mum would drop her in so he would get his mum all to himself. Hans’ anxiety about the bath was then seen as a fear that he would be punished for the death-wish towards his sister.

54
Q

Name the fantasies/dreams, little Hans experienced

A

1.After being given his bath, Hans was being powdered around his penis by his mother, who was taking care not to touch it. Hans asked “Why don’t you put your finger there?” with her reply being “Because it’s not proper.”
2. Hans climbed into his mother’s bed one morning and said “Do you know what Aunty M said? She said, ‘He has got a dear little thingummy’.”
3. Hans had climbed into his parents’ bed one night. He explained the next morning he had had a fantasy of there being a big giraffe in the room and a crumpled one; the big one called out because he took the crumpled one away. Then it stopped calling out, and he sat on top of the crumpled one
4. Hans was pre-occupied with lumf (faeces) – as shown by him following his mother and Berta (one of the girls he had been playing with) to the toilet
5. Hans gave one of his imaginary friends the name Lodi.
6. Hans had two plumber fantasies. In the first one, a plumber took a big borer and stuck it into his stomach. In the second one, the plumber removed his bum and widdler with a pair of pincers and replaced them with bigger versions.
7, Hans was playing with his imaginary friends, explaining he was the children’s daddy, that his mum was their mummy, and that his dad (Hans’ father) was their granddaddy

55
Q

What was Freud’s interpretation ofHans being powdered after the bath around his penis?

A

Hans desires his mother. This was a seduction attempt by Hans of his mother as he was asking her to touch him.

56
Q

What was Freud’s interpretation of Hans account of auntie M talking about the thingummy?

A

Seduction attempt by Hans of his mother by expressing how others viewed him.

57
Q

What was Ford interpretation of Hans fantasy of the two giraffes?

A

Hans’ father decoded this by suggesting that the big giraffe represented him due to the long neck reflecting his penis, while the crumpled giraffe was Hans’ mother. The fact that little Hans had come into his parents’ bedroom was seen as a desire for his mother and her genital organ.

58
Q

What was Frueds its interpretation of Hans been preoccupied with lumf?

A

Hans’ father believed the interest in defecation represented little Hans’ concerns about a heavily loaded stomach (pregnancy) and the potential further competition for his mother’s affections that the birth of another child would bring.

59
Q

What was Freud interpretation of little Hans imaginary friend called Lodi?

A

Fathers interpretation of Lodi was that the name is like saffalodi (sausage), which resembles faeces. Possibly linked to concerns around his mother giving birth to another baby (and little Hans having even more competition for her affections).

60
Q

What was Frueds interpretation of Hans plumber fantasy?

A

It was suggested that the bigger widdler and behind represented those of his father, and the fantasy reflected Hans’ desire to be like his dad. Seen as Hans having overcome the castration complex.

61
Q

What was Frueds interpretation of Hans granddaddy fantasy?

A

Suggesting a satisfactory conclusion to the Oedipus complex which allowed little Hans to be with his mother, but without having to kill his father off.

62
Q

What can Freud conclude about his theory of infantile sexuality?

A

Little Hans was a typical young child in the phallic stage, displaying “evidence” of the Oedipus complex.

63
Q

What are the strengths of Frueds Sample?

A

Sample of one boy allowed Freud to gather lots of in-depth qualitative data about Little Hans that gave more detailed insight to his underlying behaviour/phobias

64
Q

What are the weaknesses of Frueds sample?

A

Low population validity – difficult to generalise results to other groups of people – due to limited bias sample.
No other p’s to compare results with

65
Q

What are the strengths of Frueds self-report method?

A

It allowed Freud to gather lots of in-depth qualitative data about Little Hans that he would not have been able to collect himself.

66
Q

What are the weaknesses of Frueds self-report method?

A

Little Hans’ father may have deliberately falsified his responses due to demand characteristics/social desirability bias.

67
Q

What are the strengths of Frueds Qualitative data?

A

Proves Processes of unconscious mind exist

68
Q

What are the weaknesses of Frueds qualitative data?

A

Possibility of subjective interpretation of data to fit hypothesis / aim (DEDUCTIVE) i.e. researcher bias

69
Q

What ethics were up held in Freud’s study?

A

debrief, fully informed consent, withdraw from study, deception

70
Q

What ethics were broken in Frueds study?

A

privacy/confidentiality – (pictures/photos of Little Hans)
possible psychological harm – self fulfilling prophecy

71
Q

How can Freud research be seen as ethnocentric?

A

The experiences of a middle-class child in Vienna are unlikely to be typical of children in less privileged parts of the world, plus phobia are unique to Hans

72
Q

How can Frueds work be seen as not ethnocentric?

A

Phobias are common in children across the world, perhaps the findings can be applied to children from all cultures.

SOECIE SPECIFIC

73
Q

Valuate the internal reliability of Freud study?

A

We can’t assume that all children will progress through the psychosexual stages of development like Little Hans did.

74
Q

Evaluate the external reliability of Freud study?

A

Sample, size of one person is too small to be able to be generalised to many other people in other cultures

75
Q

Evaluate the internal (construct) validity of Frueds study?

A

There are some much simpler and more obvious
explanations for the behaviours shown, that are not sexual, and so more acceptable

The use of leading questions which could have influenced Hans’ response

The study had low population validity The study focused on only one case study of a child, Hans, and so is unlikely to represent the whole population of children’s

76
Q

How does Frueds study relate to the individual differences area?

A

Freud’s case study of Little Hans examines how an individual’s behaviour differs and is considered as ‘abnormal’

77
Q

How does the study relate to the key theme of understanding disorders?

A

It examines and attempts to understand little Hans’ phobias, anxieties and dreams The phobias in particular, effect his everyday functioning (afraid of horses, bath tubs) and so is known as a disorder.

78
Q

Describe two principles or concepts of the psychodynamic perspective

A

One concept of the psychodynamic perspective is the idea that the _personality/psyche operates on three levels – namely, the conscious mind that contains what we are currently thinking of, the pre-conscious mind that can be accessed by retrieving stored memories, and the unconscious mind that is hidden from our awareness and is hard, if not impossible, to access directly.
Another concept of the psychodynamic perspective is the idea that the unconscious mind can reveal itself in a number of ways – namely, through dreams, slips of the tongue, free_association, and what people say they see in projective tests such as the Rorschach ‘ink-blot’ test

79
Q

Outline how Freud’s study of little Hans links to the psychodynamic perspective. Support your answer with evidence from this study.

A

One key concept within the psychodynamic perspective is the claim that children go through various stages in their psychosexual development. One of these stages is the phallic stage, in which little boys experience sexual desire for their motherand want their father out of the way so that they can have their mother to themselves. This is known as the oedipus complex and Freud’s study of little hans illustrates it as through his phobias and fantasies he is said to be ‘a little boy who is having sexual fantasies about his mother. For example, little Hans is described as having a phobia of horses biting him and this was explained as being caused by his ‘castration anxiety’ concern that his ‘widdler’ would be cut off, due to his mother’s threat 15 months earlier. This links to the perspective, as his previous traumatic repressed memory is now affecting his current abnormal mental state.

80
Q

Compare the psychodynamic perspective to the social area. Use examples from appropriate core studies to
support your answer.

A

[Point:] One difference between the psychodynamic _____ perspective____________ and the social __ area_______ relates to the size of ____samples________ in their research. [Example 1:] Research within the psychodynamic perspective often has very small ___ sample_________ sizes, as was shown in the study by ___ Freud_____ who carried out a __ case________ study of one boy (little __ hans______) who had various phobias and fantasies that were said to arise from unconscious oedipal desires for his mother. [Example 2:] By way of contrast, research within the social area often has much ____ larger_________ sample sizes, as was shown by ___ Piliavin_________ et al who studied the behaviour of __4450_________ passengers on the New York subway in their investigation of helping behaviour, including whether people would be more likely to help a victim who appeared to be ___ drunk_______ or ill. [Conclusion:] Overall, research within the psychodynamic perspective often has much smaller samples sizes than research within the social area, which reflects the way in which it often comprises case studies of individuals with ______mental______ disorders.
[Point:] Another difference between the _______ psychodynamic __________________ perspective and the ____ social_ _____ area centres on how
[Example 1:] As the psychodynamic perspective is focused on understanding disorders and suggesting ways of treating them, it can be extremely useful, as was shown by the way in which little ___ hans______ seemed to be cured of his _____ phobia_________ (e.g. his fear of being bitten by horses) following psychotherapy guided by Freud. [Example 2:] By way of contrast, the ___ social_______ area can often lack usefulness, as is demonstrated by the __ Piliavin___________ study and the way in which we can’t necessarily choose how we appear to other people (e.g. either drunk or __ ill____) when we collapse. [Conclusion:] Whilst the psychodynamic perspective may have more obvious practical applications than the social area, nonetheless the _ social_________ area tells us a lot about how other people can influence our behaviour and this is certainly interesting even if it isn’t always ____ useful_________.

A Level Psychology (21 decks)

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