Knowledge clips intro 2 Flashcards
From circle of Willis, three main arteries develop:
- Anterior cerebral artery (towards front)
- Middle cerebral artery (towards lateral side)
- Posterior cerebral artery (towards back brain)
Each capillary is covered by the blood-brain barrier, which is a structure of.. and regulates..
- Structure of astrocytes, pericytes and endothelial cells
- Regulates who enters or not: such as toxins or neurotransmitters from the periphery
▪ Entry into the brain, passive or active:
molecules can … or ….
● Molecules diffuse across membranes (e.g., oxygen and other gases, lipid-permeable compounds)
● Transporter molecules (e.g., glucose transporters)-> brain uses about 20% of glucose metabolism
X slows down diffusion across membranes
High electrical charge
Which compunds are highly restricted @ the BBB?
neuroactive compounds (e.g., glutamate, adrenalin, dopamine)
What levels in the brain are a very important signalling mechanism?
glucose
Glucose transported over BBB can be taken up by A and the B, OR by C with the D (present almost everywhere in brain)
A glia cells (astrocytes)
B glut-1 transporter
C oligodendrocytes
D Glut-1 transporter
After glucose is transported over the BBB, glucose is then picked up via X, using the X (more active than X)
Neurons
Glut-3 transporter (more active than Glut-1).
p.5
Astrocytes can only directly use glucose
true/false
false: they can also store it as glycogen
What type of signal is lactate in the brain?
Lactate: indication for stress in the brain/neurodegenerative diseases (hypoxia, neurodegenerative diseases)
What do astrocytes do when there are low glucose levels?
they produce lactate (glycogen storage)
Lactate is metabolized in the brain by..
neurons and oligodendrocytes
Which two key players try to regulate inflammatory processes and save the environment, downregulate disbalance
microglia, astrocytes
What happens to astrocytes and microglia in neurodegeneration (alzheimer’s, parkinson’s)
these astrocytes become reactive: branches get really thick.
Branches disappear with reactive microglia
The basal ganglia exists of the brain regions…
SCPSNG
Subthalamic nucleus
Caudate nucleus
Putamen
Sunstantia Nigra
Nucelus accumbens
Globus pallidus
p7
Brain regions of the basal ganglia work together as a network, involved in..
- Movement / Eye movements
- Procedural learning / Habit learning
- Decision making /motivation
- Emotion
Brain regions of the basal ganglia work together as a network, associated with the following disorders:
Addiction
Huntingtons
Depression
OCD
Parkinson’s
Schizophrenia
HOPDAS
What happens in case of parkinson’s disease with a certain brain region?
, the substantia nigra degenerates.
Specifically, the dopamine neurons. They contain melatonin pigment, which is black.
(therefore, subst nigra becomes less black)
p 7: know where to point it
The limbic system exists of…
CEEDAHH
- Cingulate Gyrus
- Epithalamus
- Dentate Gyrus
- Amygdala
- Hippocampus
- Hypothalamus
- Entorhinal Cortex (learning, long-term memory)
The limbic system works in a network, involved in regulation of ..
- Emotion
- Memory
- Reward/pleasure
- Olfaction
- Autonomic processes (energy intake, sleep)
The limbic system works in a network, and is associated with the following diseases:
*Addiction
*Depression
*Aggression
*Alzheimer’s disease
*ADHD
*Autism
*Post-traumatic stress disorder
Amygdala = and is involved in … (diseases)
- Center of emotion
- Involved in depression, aggression, PTSD
Hippocampus is important for … and is involved in…
- Memory
- Involved in dementia
Hypothalamus regulates… and is involved in…
- Autonomic processes (sleep, energy homeostasis, thermoregulation, heart rate), connects nervous system with endocrine system. Lots of blood vessels here: neuroendocrine function, strong connection pituitary gland.
- Sexually dimorphisms (odor, estrogens)
Involved in:
- Stress response (HPA-axis: hypothalamus, pituitary gland, adrenal gland(cortisol))
- Puberty (HPG-axis: hypothalamus, pituitary, gonadal axis: connected to ovaries or testes)
- Energy homeostasis
