Knowledge clips intro 2

Question 1

From circle of Willis, three main arteries develop:

Answer 1

1. Anterior cerebral artery (towards front)
2. Middle cerebral artery (towards lateral side)
3. Posterior cerebral artery (towards back brain)

Question 2

Each capillary is covered by the blood-brain barrier, which is a structure of.. and regulates..

Answer 2

• Structure of astrocytes, pericytes and endothelial cells
• Regulates who enters or not: such as toxins or neurotransmitters from the periphery

Question 3

▪ Entry into the brain, passive or active:
molecules can … or ….

Answer 3

● Molecules diffuse across membranes (e.g., oxygen and other gases, lipid-permeable compounds)
● Transporter molecules (e.g., glucose transporters)-> brain uses about 20% of glucose metabolism

Question 4

X slows down diffusion across membranes

Answer 4

High electrical charge

Question 5

Which compunds are highly restricted @ the BBB?

Answer 5

neuroactive compounds (e.g., glutamate, adrenalin, dopamine)

Question 6

What levels in the brain are a very important signalling mechanism?

Answer 6

glucose

Question 7

Glucose transported over BBB can be taken up by A and the B, OR by C with the D (present almost everywhere in brain)

Answer 7

A glia cells (astrocytes)
B glut-1 transporter
C oligodendrocytes
D Glut-1 transporter

Question 8

After glucose is transported over the BBB, glucose is then picked up via X, using the X (more active than X)

Answer 8

Neurons
Glut-3 transporter (more active than Glut-1).
p.5

Question 9

Astrocytes can only directly use glucose
true/false

Answer 9

false: they can also store it as glycogen

Question 10

What type of signal is lactate in the brain?

Answer 10

Lactate: indication for stress in the brain/neurodegenerative diseases (hypoxia, neurodegenerative diseases)

Question 11

What do astrocytes do when there are low glucose levels?

Answer 11

they produce lactate (glycogen storage)

Question 12

Lactate is metabolized in the brain by..

Answer 12

neurons and oligodendrocytes

Question 13

Which two key players try to regulate inflammatory processes and save the environment, downregulate disbalance

Answer 13

microglia, astrocytes

Question 14

What happens to astrocytes and microglia in neurodegeneration (alzheimer’s, parkinson’s)

Answer 14

 these astrocytes become reactive: branches get really thick.
 Branches disappear with reactive microglia

Question 15

The basal ganglia exists of the brain regions…

Answer 15

SCPSNG

Subthalamic nucleus
Caudate nucleus
Putamen
Sunstantia Nigra
Nucelus accumbens
Globus pallidus
p7

Question 16

Brain regions of the basal ganglia work together as a network, involved in..

Answer 16

• Movement / Eye movements
• Procedural learning / Habit learning
• Decision making /motivation
• Emotion

Question 17

Brain regions of the basal ganglia work together as a network, associated with the following disorders:

Answer 17

Addiction
Huntingtons
Depression
OCD
Parkinson’s
Schizophrenia

HOPDAS

Question 18

What happens in case of parkinson’s disease with a certain brain region?

Answer 18

, the substantia nigra degenerates.
Specifically, the dopamine neurons. They contain melatonin pigment, which is black.
(therefore, subst nigra becomes less black)
p 7: know where to point it

Question 19

The limbic system exists of…

Answer 19

CEEDAHH

• Cingulate Gyrus
• Epithalamus
• Dentate Gyrus
• Amygdala
• Hippocampus
• Hypothalamus
• Entorhinal Cortex (learning, long-term memory)

Question 20

The limbic system works in a network, involved in regulation of ..

Answer 20

• Emotion
• Memory
• Reward/pleasure
• Olfaction
• Autonomic processes (energy intake, sleep)

Question 21

The limbic system works in a network, and is associated with the following diseases:

Answer 21

*Addiction
*Depression
*Aggression
*Alzheimer’s disease
*ADHD
*Autism
*Post-traumatic stress disorder

Question 22

Amygdala = and is involved in … (diseases)

Answer 22

• Center of emotion
• Involved in depression, aggression, PTSD

Question 23

Hippocampus is important for … and is involved in…

Answer 23

• Memory
• Involved in dementia

Question 24

Hypothalamus regulates… and is involved in…

Answer 24

• Autonomic processes (sleep, energy homeostasis, thermoregulation, heart rate), connects nervous system with endocrine system. Lots of blood vessels here: neuroendocrine function, strong connection pituitary gland.
• Sexually dimorphisms (odor, estrogens)

Involved in:

• Stress response (HPA-axis: hypothalamus, pituitary gland, adrenal gland(cortisol))
• Puberty (HPG-axis: hypothalamus, pituitary, gonadal axis: connected to ovaries or testes)
• Energy homeostasis