Knowledge clips gut side 4

Question 1

 Dysbiosis is a condition that always results in intestinal permeability
True/false

Answer 1

False

Question 2

In case of disruption of the intestinal barrier there is an increase in tight junction proteins
True/false

Answer 2

False: (Due to decreased expression of tight junction proteins the sealing of the epithelial cells covering the intestinal wall is lost)

Question 3

 During ageing there is often a decrease in the innate immune response and an increase in the adaptive immune response
True/false

Answer 3

False: it is the other way around

Question 4

 IBD is caused by immunosenescence
True/false

Answer 4

False, i think?
(There are indications that a genetic factor is involved in IBD development but in most cases the causal factors are not known. Immunosenescence is not a causal factor in IBD but is a problem occurring during aging)

Question 5

 Inflammaging can contribute to the development of dysbiosis
True/false

Answer 5

True

Question 6

Afferent signalling pathway: what are the major signalling substances?

Answer 6

1. macro- and micronutrients
2. Gut hormones
3. Cytokines
4. Microbiota-derived metabolites

Question 7

Afferent signalling pathway: what are the transport routes?

Answer 7

Blood circulation
Vagal nerve

Question 8

How do SCFA’s cause enhancing conditions for anaerobic bacteria?

Answer 8

SCFA  stimulatory effect mucus layer & synthesis AMP’s
 Intestinal barrier strengthened, low oxygen levels  enhancing conditions for anaerobic bacteria

Question 9

How can a western diet cause chronic inflammatory diseases?

Answer 9

..Toxic microbiota-derived metabolites: BCFA, toxic bile acids, reduced AMPs, higher oxygen levels, deregulation tight junction proteins  increased permeability + inflammation, can induce chronic inflammatory diseases

Question 10

Dietary fiber: where is it digested? What are the effects?

Answer 10

Cecum (first part colon): fermentation of non-digestible Ch.
 stimulating grow of healthy bacteria that produce SCFA
 These promote mucus production
 This represses inflammation and strengthen intestinal barrier

Question 11

What are the effects of polyphenols?

Answer 11

• Anti-inflammatory
• Prebiotic
• Epithilium: promoting intestinal barrier
• Immune system

Question 12

 Cytokines released in the gut can not have a health-promoting effect in the brain
True/false

Answer 12

True
Under normal healthy conditions there is no release of cytokines in the gut into the bloodstream, the situation is in “Immune homeostasis”. So cytokines release characterizes an inflammatory conditions and pro-inflammatory cytokines released from the gut are always detrimental for the brain.

Question 13

 The afferent signalling pathways is regulated via the blood circulation while the efferent signalling route makes use of the vagal nerve
False/True

Answer 13

False

Question 14

 Microbiota-derived bioactive compounds are not always beneficial for the brain.
True/false

Answer 14

True

Question 15

 Which of the factors/conditions mentioned below are found in the gut when a healthy diet is consumed?

BSFA’s
Higher levels of AMP’s
SCFA’s
presence of facultative anaerobic bacteria
Pro-inflammatory cytokines
high tight junction levels
mucus-degrading bacteria

Answer 15

Higher levels of AMP’s
SCFA’s
high tight junction levels

Question 16

 Specific health-promoting foods are essential for the maintenance of intestinal health
True/false

Answer 16

false, for a healthy individual, a diet according to the dietary guidelines is sufficient. For the maintenance of intestinal health, no specific health-promoting foods are required.

Question 17

 All plants, nuts, grains and vegetables contain

Answer 17

Fibres

Question 18

 What is important for brain development during early life?

Answer 18

Prevention of micro- and macronutrient deficiencies as well as optimal synthesis of microbiota-derived bioactive compounds

Question 19

 Prebiotics stimulating the growth of healthy bacteria are always complex polysaccharides
True/false

Answer 19

False

Question 20

 Soybean products are rich in Fibres, polyphenols and biogenic amines
True/false

Answer 20

True

Question 21

 Which activity is NOT a feature of polyphenols?

• anti-inflammatory
• stimulating immune system
• probiotic
• prebiotic
• anti-oxidant

Answer 21

probiotic

Question 22

 Elderly will benefit from diet enriched in…

A dietary fiber
B polyphenols
C amines
D Dietary fiber + polyphenols
E Dietary fiber + polyphenols + amines

Answer 22

D

Diet of the elderly should be aimed on: inducing a healthy microbiota community with high diversity, mucus stimulation properties, enhancing tight junction structures and, very importantly, anti-inflammatory properties. Amines are not needed in general, please be aware that these compounds can also have adverse health effects (like histamine).