Knowledge clips intro 1

Question 1

Brain tissue: consists of 5 different types, namely:

Answer 1

1. Oligodendrocytes
2. Neurons (100 billion)
3. Astrocytes
4. Microglia cells
5. Ependymal cells

Question 2

The node of ranvier is..

Answer 2

covered in myelin sheath
tranferring the action potential from the axon to the terminal axon

Question 3

What four types of Glia cells are there?

Answer 3

1. Oligodendrocyte
2. Astrocytes
3. Microglia
4. Ependymal cell

Question 4

What do astrocytes do?

Answer 4

support the neurons
maintain the extracellular environment
provide glucose to neurons
remove excess neurotransmitters and other GF
induce blood-brain barrier in CNS.

Question 5

What do oligodendrocytes do?

Answer 5

cover the axon with myelin (nearby axons)

Question 6

What do microglia cells do?

Answer 6

Immune surveillance and phagocytosis: involved with anti-inflammatory processes within the brain.

Question 7

What do ependymal cells do?

Answer 7

Create and circulate cerebrospinal fluid (CNS): cover up brain tissue.

Question 8

Memorize the visual representation of the CNS glia cells (p 2)

Answer 8

ok

Question 9

Briefly: how does neuronal communication work?

Answer 9

Signal from another neuron arrives at dendrites -> transferred towards cell body (soma) -> postpone or transfer signal? Transfer: action potential axon -> synapse -> release neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft.

Question 10

How does neuron transfer work at the synaptic cleft?

Answer 10

1. Action potential arrives
2. Depolarization membrane
3. Calcium influx in synapse
4. Vesicles filled with neurotransmitters dock to the membrane at synaptic cleft
5. Neurotransmitter release (e.g. dopamine, serotonin)
6. Bind to receptors on postsynaptic cell (e.g. dendrite of another neuron)

Question 11

How does instant synthesis work (for instance, with endocannabinoids)?

Answer 11

1. Action potential arrives
2. Depolarization membrane
3. Calcium influx in synapse
4. Vesicles that store glutamate or GABA dock to the membrane
5. Release Glu/GABA into synaptic cleft
6. Bind to receptors post-synapse
7. Depolarization + calcium influx at postsynaptic cell
8. Triggers phospholipid membrane of postsynaptic cell to produce eCB (endocannabinoids) instantly
9. eCB released into synaptic cleft, can bind on receptors on pre-synapse or on the same synapse or receptor glia cell (astrocytes)

Question 12

Neurotransmitters in the peripherycan pass the blood-brain barrier and enter the CNS
true/false?

Answer 12

False: they cannot enter the CNS

Question 13

What can enter the brain through the BBB, if a neurotransmitter from the periphery cannot?

Answer 13

Precursors (often amino acids, omega 3 FA, omega 6 FA)

Question 14

What are the precursors of…

Serotonin (mood)
Dopamine (pleasure)
Noradrenaline (concentration)
Glutamate (memory)
GABA (calming)
Endocannabinoids (pain, reward)

Answer 14

Tryptophan (AA)
Tyrosine (AA)
Tyrosine (AA)
Glutamic acid (AA)
-
Arachidonic acid; DHA (n-6 and n-3 FA)

Question 15

In what foods can you find the following precursors (except GABA is neurotransmitter):

1 Tryptophan (AA)
2 Tyrosine (AA)
3Tyrosine (AA)
4 Glutamic acid (AA)
5 GABA
6 Arachidonic acid; FA

Answer 15

1 Egg white, atlantic cod, soybeans
2 Chicken, milk, peanuts, almonds, sesame seeds
3 Chicken, milk, peanuts, almonds, sesame seeds
4 Meat, poultry, fish, egg
5 Broccoli, tomatoes, circumventricular organs
6 meat, eggs

Question 16

Synaptic plasticity: what is it?

Answer 16

Strengthening of synaptic communication after long-term potentiation (LTP)
= backbone of processes for learning and memory

Question 17

How is synaptic communication strengthened in synaptic plasticity?

Answer 17

1. More neurons, more receptors at synapse
2. More connections towards other neuron, stabilization of synapses

Question 18

Brain tissue:

A (….) = located at the surface part of the brain
B (…) = located at the inner part of the brain

Answer 18

Neurons (grey matter)
Axons + myelin (white matter)

Question 19

In the spinal cord:
A (…) located at the inner part of the cord
B (…) located at the outer side of the cord

Answer 19

A Neurons (grey)
B axons + myelin (white)

Question 20

Blood can reach the brain via two arteries, namely…

Answer 20

1. Internal carotid arteries
2. Vertebral arteries

Question 21

A arteries merch into the B artery, which forms the C

Answer 21

A vertebral arteries
B basilar artery
C circle of Willis

Question 22

What is the function of the circle of Willis?

Answer 22

= rescue mechanism. If in one of either of those arteries a clot forms, the other will take over.