Knowledge And Imagery Flashcards
knowledge that enables us to recognize objects and events, and to make inferences about their properties (kind of like what we expect)
conceptual knowledge
Mental representation that is used for a variety of cognitive functions
concept
Includes all possible examples of a particular concept
Categories
The process by which things are placed into groups called categories
categorization
Categories help us deal with _______ information.
novel information is dealt with through _________ (1)
(Think placeholders, labels)
A wealth of general information about items or all possible examples of a particular concept that allows us to identify special characteristics and properties
Categories
Categories are like
schemas are like
Determining category membership based on whether the object meets the EXACT definition of the category
The definitional approach
(Which is quite inflexible and can be problematic; think 4 legged chair example; but there are chairs that don’t have 4 legs)
A way of determining category membership based on the idea that things in a category resemble one another in a number of ways, allowing some variation within a category.
Family resemblance
The family resemblance approach can be contrasted with the
The definitional approach can be contrasted with the
An AVERAGED/average representation of the typical member of a category; does not reference to one specific real thing in the world, general concept
prototypes
Prototype of a bird would include characteristic features like
wings, beak, ability to fly, etc,
Rosch Categorization Experiment
- participants judged objects on a scale of 1 (good example of a category or the prototype) to 7 (poor example)
- eg: category - birds: sparrow - 1.2; bat - 6.2
High-prototypicality is when a category member
closely resembles the category prototype
Low-prototypicality
Category does not resemble category prototype
Prototypicality and familiy resemblances are categorization approaches that have a strong _________ relationship
positive - things very prototypical of a category tend to have a high degree of family resemblance with other things in that category and vie versa
Low overlap = low family resemblance =
low prototypicailty
Prototypical objects are preferentially processed. This is called the ___________ (2) in which more prototypical members of a category tend to be named first
Typicality effect
(Highly prototypical objects are named first and categorized more rapidly)
Rosch Prototype Approach findings:
- prototypical category members are more affected by a priming stimulus
- Hearing the word green primed people to think of the “good example” grass green rather than the less common pale green
Rosch Prototype approach process:
- get participants to identify whether the colours are the same - yes or no
- Same colour: good example
- Same colour: poor example
- Different colour
Then prime.
(priming stimulus helps people think of more prototypical stimulus)
People react rapidly to members of a category that are “typical” of the category
typicality
Rosch’s Prototype Approach Priming Experiment Tests for _______ through ________.
Typicality
Priming
Effects of Prototypicallity (4)
- Family Resemblance
- Typicality
- Naming
- Priming
people are more likely to list some objects than others when asked to name objects in a category
Naming (effect of prototypicality)
Presentation of one stimulus affects responses to a stimulus that follows.
Priming (effect of prototypicality)
approach to categorization that involves concepts that are represented by multiple REAL examples
exemplar approach
Eg: cats - Jewels, Reggie, Gandalf - real cats
Exemplar approach vs. Prototype approach
Representing concepts through actual category members vs. Abstract averages
specific, real, definite example of a category
Exemplar
The exemplar approach can be invoked to explain the ___________ effect.
typicality effect
- objects that are like more of the exemplars are classified faster
Objects that are closer to the prototypes or exemplars of a category are classified faster. This is called the: (2)
typicality effect
________ may work best earlier on in learning or for larger categories
Prototypes
- storing large numbers of exemplars can become daunting -> prototypes make the learning process more efficient by averaging a small number of exemplars
__________ may work best later on in learning when expertise is developed, or for smaller more specific categories
exemplars
- can easily take into account atypical cases and deal with variable categories
- easier to keep track of small number of exemplars
To understand how people categorize objects you need to consider the _______ of objects and how they become ________ through learning and experience
Properties
Integrated
Mechanism for organizing the relationships between properties and particular categories (from general to specific)
Hierarchical organization
3 levels of hierarchical organizing (from top to bottom) with example:
(General to specific):
- Global (superordinate)
- Basic
- Specific (subordinate)
Cats - global / superordinate
Pet Cats - basic
Jewels My Pet Cat - specific / subordinate
Rosch Hierarchical Organization RULES FOUND (in which the basic level in the middle strikes a good balance):
- going ABOVE the basic level to the superordinate/global level results in a LOSS of information
- up = loss of info - going below the basic level to the subordinate/specific level results in a slight GAIN of information
- down = gain of info
