Everyday Memory And Memory Errors Flashcards
Memory for specific experiences from our life which can include both episodic and semantic components
- involves mental time travel, multidimensional in nature (sensory, emotional, sensory components)
Autobiographical memory
Study where they showed people pictures of monuments that were taken by themselves, and taken by other people. The _________ (2) lobe and the _________ (1) cortex lit up for both conditions of seeing pictures taken by other people and pictures taken by themselves
medial temporal lobe (MTL - think timeline - think episodic)
parietal cortex
Seeing OWN photos in this experiment activated the _________ cortex and the __________ because it was their OWN MEMORY.
prefrontal cortex
Hippocampus (LTM)
Memorable events in life (3):
significant events
highly emotional events
transition points
Memory is high in people over 40 for recent events and events that occurred between adolescence and early adulthood (ages 10 - 30).
This is called the: (2)
reminiscence bump
3 hypotheses for reminiscence bump:
- Self image - assuming self-image + identity (but who’s to say you can’t have an identity crisis after 30 or 40 if something goes REALLY wrong hahaha…)
- Cognitive - encoding more alert during periods of rapid change
- Cultural life Script - culturally shared expectations of what a life should look like structure recall
Hypothesis for reminiscence bump where memory is enhances for events that occur for events as a person’s self-image is being formed (important transitions in life + building identity). This is called the _________ (2) hypothesis.
self-image hypothesis
(Reminiscence bump hypothesis): encoding is better during periods of rapid change that are followed by stability
….for the plot
This hypothesis is called: t
the cognitive hypothesis
each person has a personal life story and understanding of culturally expected events, so these events are easier to call when they fit this cultural expectation of what a life should look like
This reminiscence bump hypothesis is called the:
cultural life-script hypothesis
People expect their most significant events to happen in their youth. This is called the: (2)
youth bias
Emotional events are remember easily and vividly - remember that one suicide attempt? Yeah you know which one im talking about. That one gave you:
Why?
PTSD
possibility that it was better consolidated because of the amygdala activation
Better recall for emotionally arousing pictures in the stress manipulation (putting arm in cold water or smth) group after encoding. This parallels with the idea of ________ (2), which is the tendency to narrow attentional focus and attend to threatening details.
recall for emotional pictures better than recall for neutral pictures
weapons focus
(like negativity bias; we focus on the dangers or negatives to increase likelihood of survival)
Rimmele et. Al showed participants negative and neutral pictures in coloured frames and tested them later using a ______________ (2) procedure (was the colour the same or different) to test how emotions affect our remembering accuracy.
remember-know
Findings of Rimmele’s remember/know picture procedure:
_________ responses were more likely for negative/upsetting pictures, while accuracy for frame colour was better for ________ pictures.
Remember responses
neutral pictures - more focused on details rather than sheer emotion
memories associated with circumstances surrounding shocking, highly charged, important events that typically involve the contextual content of an episodic nature
highly emotional, vivid, and very detailed
- like when I was in the office at Josiah’s computer drawing fanart when my dad told me gong gong had just died in our den and I remembered the tears streaming down my face before I could feel them and how the room spun
Flashbulb memories
Memories can change with the passage of time. This was tested with ________ (2) with gaps of years between trials
repeated recall
Repeated recall found that _______ memories, highly emotional and thought to be vivid memories, tend to be inaccurate even
- accuracy diminishes over time
- belief in accuracy and vividness remain strong
flashbulb
Repeated viewing/hearing of an event (TV, news, social media, discussing with others) introduces errors into one’s own memories
(Like a game of telephone, a memory of a memory)
This is known as the ___________ (2) hypothesis
narrative rehearsal
Memory is _______ and therefore dependent upon not only what actually happens but many other factors such as a persons’ knowledge, experiences, and _________.
memory is top-bottom processing
CONSTRUCTED
expectations -> what we expect and what our values are like help us CONSTRUCT our memories
___________ and/or __________ of memory can be two potentially misleading sources of information
- eg: circling an answer on an exam not because I remember what it means, but because it seems familiar to what we went over in class (works sometimes honestly but it’s a second last resort; guessing is the last)
familiarity and fluency
Remember a story from a different culture and remake it. Reproductions became shorter and more inaccurate over time.
Telephone for acting lol.
This is called:
repeated production
Memory is _______ , not just collected.
constructed
process of determining origins of our memories, where did I get this from?
source memories
Misidentifying source of memory
source monitoring error or source Misattribution
