Everyday Memory And Memory Errors Flashcards
Memory for specific experiences from our life which can include both episodic and semantic components
- involves mental time travel, multidimensional in nature (sensory, emotional, sensory components)
Autobiographical memory
Study where they showed people pictures of monuments that were taken by themselves, and taken by other people. The _________ (2) lobe and the _________ (1) cortex lit up for both conditions of seeing pictures taken by other people and pictures taken by themselves
medial temporal lobe (MTL - think timeline - think episodic)
parietal cortex
Seeing OWN photos in this experiment activated the _________ cortex and the __________ because it was their OWN MEMORY.
prefrontal cortex
Hippocampus (LTM)
Memorable events in life (3):
significant events
highly emotional events
transition points
Memory is high in people over 40 for recent events and events that occurred between adolescence and early adulthood (ages 10 - 30).
This is called the: (2)
reminiscence bump
3 hypotheses for reminiscence bump:
- Self image - assuming self-image + identity (but who’s to say you can’t have an identity crisis after 30 or 40 if something goes REALLY wrong hahaha…)
- Cognitive - encoding more alert during periods of rapid change
- Cultural life Script - culturally shared expectations of what a life should look like structure recall
Hypothesis for reminiscence bump where memory is enhances for events that occur for events as a person’s self-image is being formed (important transitions in life + building identity). This is called the _________ (2) hypothesis.
self-image hypothesis
(Reminiscence bump hypothesis): encoding is better during periods of rapid change that are followed by stability
….for the plot
This hypothesis is called: t
the cognitive hypothesis
each person has a personal life story and understanding of culturally expected events, so these events are easier to call when they fit this cultural expectation of what a life should look like
This reminiscence bump hypothesis is called the:
cultural life-script hypothesis
People expect their most significant events to happen in their youth. This is called the: (2)
youth bias
Emotional events are remember easily and vividly - remember that one suicide attempt? Yeah you know which one im talking about. That one gave you:
Why?
PTSD
possibility that it was better consolidated because of the amygdala activation
Better recall for emotionally arousing pictures in the stress manipulation (putting arm in cold water or smth) group after encoding. This parallels with the idea of ________ (2), which is the tendency to narrow attentional focus and attend to threatening details.
recall for emotional pictures better than recall for neutral pictures
weapons focus
(like negativity bias; we focus on the dangers or negatives to increase likelihood of survival)
Rimmele et. Al showed participants negative and neutral pictures in coloured frames and tested them later using a ______________ (2) procedure (was the colour the same or different) to test how emotions affect our remembering accuracy.
remember-know
Findings of Rimmele’s remember/know picture procedure:
_________ responses were more likely for negative/upsetting pictures, while accuracy for frame colour was better for ________ pictures.
Remember responses
neutral pictures - more focused on details rather than sheer emotion
memories associated with circumstances surrounding shocking, highly charged, important events that typically involve the contextual content of an episodic nature
highly emotional, vivid, and very detailed
- like when I was in the office at Josiah’s computer drawing fanart when my dad told me gong gong had just died in our den and I remembered the tears streaming down my face before I could feel them and how the room spun
Flashbulb memories
Memories can change with the passage of time. This was tested with ________ (2) with gaps of years between trials
repeated recall
Repeated recall found that _______ memories, highly emotional and thought to be vivid memories, tend to be inaccurate even
- accuracy diminishes over time
- belief in accuracy and vividness remain strong
flashbulb
Repeated viewing/hearing of an event (TV, news, social media, discussing with others) introduces errors into one’s own memories
(Like a game of telephone, a memory of a memory)
This is known as the ___________ (2) hypothesis
narrative rehearsal
Memory is _______ and therefore dependent upon not only what actually happens but many other factors such as a persons’ knowledge, experiences, and _________.
memory is top-bottom processing
CONSTRUCTED
expectations -> what we expect and what our values are like help us CONSTRUCT our memories
___________ and/or __________ of memory can be two potentially misleading sources of information
- eg: circling an answer on an exam not because I remember what it means, but because it seems familiar to what we went over in class (works sometimes honestly but it’s a second last resort; guessing is the last)
familiarity and fluency
Remember a story from a different culture and remake it. Reproductions became shorter and more inaccurate over time.
Telephone for acting lol.
This is called:
repeated production
Memory is _______ , not just collected.
constructed
process of determining origins of our memories, where did I get this from?
source memories
Misidentifying source of memory
source monitoring error or source Misattribution
unconscious plagiarism of another’s work due to a lack of recognition of it’s original source
cryptoamnesia (lol)
Famous non-famous “famous overnight” name study with immediate and delay group, who did better and why?
immediate group did better because some non-famous names became more familiar to the delay group so they assumed those must be famous names
memory can be influenced by inferences that people make based on knowledge gained through EXPERIENCE
- these are called ________ inferences
pragmatic
Knowledge about some aspect of the environment
schema
Conception of SEQUENCE of actions that USUALLY OCCUR during a particular experience
script
Knowledge about some aspect of an environment or a ______ and a conception of sequence of events that usually occurs during an experience or a ______ can influence memory.
Schema
Script
Erroneous memories that include info that was not actually experienced but inferred because it was expected and consistent with this schema
false memories
Participants viewed slides of crime narrated by female then assigned to two groups: difficult and easy group; explain
difficult group: heard same female voice provide second narration of story with a few changed details then tested two days later
Easy group: heard a male voice provide the second narration of the same story with some details changed then tested immediately
In the slides story narration experiment the difficult condition made more ____________ (3).
source monitoring errors
information presented after a memory is formed can change how that memory is remembered later
Eg:
how much glass was there when the cars BUMPED into each other vs. how much glass was there when the cars SMASHED into each other
This is called the:
misinformation effect
the misinformation effect in which information presented after the event can change how it’s remembered, is proof that memory is _______ and not just collected
constructed
Creating false memories photoshopped hot air balloon pics: participants initially denied it then the next week were like oh yeah I actually forgot that happened, proving that memories can be ______.
constructed
People tend to assume ____________ (2) or things we see and remember things more accurately than we actually do because people think level of confidence = accuracy
eyewitness testimony
False trial with perpetrator not on the list study when asking for eyewitness testimonies to make sure people aren’t just assuming stuff.
This not happening and people just assuming people are on the list is exactly why __________ occurs.
incarceration
False memories and errors in memories can occur due to the level of _______ a person is putting on the event, and the level of _______ they’re feeling
attention
arousal (fear context)
Feelings of familiarity are also called
source monitoring errors - we thought the info was from one thing but it was actually from another; accidentally identify male teacher as robber :/
Optogenic reactivation of hippocampal neurons activate __________ (3).
fear based memories
optogenic reactivation of hippocampal neurons to activate a fear based memory and genetically engineering specific neurons in mice to be scared of pulses of light.
_____________ (2) inferred memory retrieval of bad experience of light when exposed to light
freezing behaviour
_________ or ________ (which is a beta blocker) is used to disrupt memory consolidation for traumatic experiences or rewrite traumatic experiences
- treatment for PTSD, think about their traumatic experience in a less heightened, more calm and rational state to make them less upset during their subsequent retrievals
propranolol (pro-pra-no-lol)
MDMA
MDMA assisted psychotherapy is a treatment for
PTSD
Memories are not only constructed, but dynamic and susceptible to _________.
