Everyday Memory And Memory Errors

Question 1

Memory for specific experiences from our life which can include both episodic and semantic components

• involves mental time travel, multidimensional in nature (sensory, emotional, sensory components)

Answer 1

Autobiographical memory

Question 2

Study where they showed people pictures of monuments that were taken by themselves, and taken by other people. The _________ (2) lobe and the _________ (1) cortex lit up for both conditions of seeing pictures taken by other people and pictures taken by themselves

Answer 2

medial temporal lobe (MTL - think timeline - think episodic)
parietal cortex

Question 3

Seeing OWN photos in this experiment activated the _________ cortex and the __________ because it was their OWN MEMORY.

Answer 3

prefrontal cortex
Hippocampus (LTM)

Question 4

Memorable events in life (3):

Answer 4

significant events
highly emotional events
transition points

Question 5

Memory is high in people over 40 for recent events and events that occurred between adolescence and early adulthood (ages 10 - 30).

This is called the: (2)

Answer 5

reminiscence bump

Question 6

3 hypotheses for reminiscence bump:

Answer 6

1. Self image - assuming self-image + identity (but who’s to say you can’t have an identity crisis after 30 or 40 if something goes REALLY wrong hahaha…)
2. Cognitive - encoding more alert during periods of rapid change
3. Cultural life Script - culturally shared expectations of what a life should look like structure recall

Question 7

Hypothesis for reminiscence bump where memory is enhances for events that occur for events as a person’s self-image is being formed (important transitions in life + building identity). This is called the _________ (2) hypothesis.

Answer 7

self-image hypothesis

Question 8

(Reminiscence bump hypothesis): encoding is better during periods of rapid change that are followed by stability

….for the plot

This hypothesis is called: t

Answer 8

the cognitive hypothesis

Question 9

each person has a personal life story and understanding of culturally expected events, so these events are easier to call when they fit this cultural expectation of what a life should look like

This reminiscence bump hypothesis is called the:

Answer 9

cultural life-script hypothesis

Question 10

People expect their most significant events to happen in their youth. This is called the: (2)

Answer 10

youth bias

Question 11

Emotional events are remember easily and vividly - remember that one suicide attempt? Yeah you know which one im talking about. That one gave you:

Why?

Answer 11

PTSD

possibility that it was better consolidated because of the amygdala activation

Question 12

Better recall for emotionally arousing pictures in the stress manipulation (putting arm in cold water or smth) group after encoding. This parallels with the idea of ________ (2), which is the tendency to narrow attentional focus and attend to threatening details.

recall for emotional pictures better than recall for neutral pictures

Answer 12

weapons focus

(like negativity bias; we focus on the dangers or negatives to increase likelihood of survival)

Question 13

Rimmele et. Al showed participants negative and neutral pictures in coloured frames and tested them later using a ______________ (2) procedure (was the colour the same or different) to test how emotions affect our remembering accuracy.

Answer 13

remember-know

Question 14

Findings of Rimmele’s remember/know picture procedure:
_________ responses were more likely for negative/upsetting pictures, while accuracy for frame colour was better for ________ pictures.

Answer 14

Remember responses

neutral pictures - more focused on details rather than sheer emotion

Question 15

memories associated with circumstances surrounding shocking, highly charged, important events that typically involve the contextual content of an episodic nature

highly emotional, vivid, and very detailed

• like when I was in the office at Josiah’s computer drawing fanart when my dad told me gong gong had just died in our den and I remembered the tears streaming down my face before I could feel them and how the room spun

Answer 15

Flashbulb memories

Question 16

Memories can change with the passage of time. This was tested with ________ (2) with gaps of years between trials

Answer 16

repeated recall

Question 17

Repeated recall found that _______ memories, highly emotional and thought to be vivid memories, tend to be inaccurate even

• accuracy diminishes over time
• belief in accuracy and vividness remain strong

Answer 17

flashbulb

Question 18

Repeated viewing/hearing of an event (TV, news, social media, discussing with others) introduces errors into one’s own memories

(Like a game of telephone, a memory of a memory)

This is known as the ___________ (2) hypothesis

Answer 18

narrative rehearsal

Question 19

Memory is _______ and therefore dependent upon not only what actually happens but many other factors such as a persons’ knowledge, experiences, and _________.

memory is top-bottom processing

Answer 19

CONSTRUCTED

expectations -> what we expect and what our values are like help us CONSTRUCT our memories

Question 20

___________ and/or __________ of memory can be two potentially misleading sources of information
- eg: circling an answer on an exam not because I remember what it means, but because it seems familiar to what we went over in class (works sometimes honestly but it’s a second last resort; guessing is the last)

Answer 20

familiarity and fluency

Question 21

Remember a story from a different culture and remake it. Reproductions became shorter and more inaccurate over time.

Telephone for acting lol.

This is called:

Answer 21

repeated production

Question 22

Memory is _______ , not just collected.

Answer 22

constructed

Question 23

process of determining origins of our memories, where did I get this from?

Answer 23

source memories

Question 24

Misidentifying source of memory

Answer 24

source monitoring error or source Misattribution

Question 25

unconscious plagiarism of another’s work due to a lack of recognition of it’s original source

Answer 25

cryptoamnesia (lol)

Question 26

Famous non-famous “famous overnight” name study with immediate and delay group, who did better and why?

Answer 26

immediate group did better because some non-famous names became more familiar to the delay group so they assumed those must be famous names

Question 27

memory can be influenced by inferences that people make based on knowledge gained through EXPERIENCE

• these are called ________ inferences

Answer 27

pragmatic

Question 28

Knowledge about some aspect of the environment

Answer 28

schema

Question 29

Conception of SEQUENCE of actions that USUALLY OCCUR during a particular experience

Answer 29

script

Question 30

Knowledge about some aspect of an environment or a ______ and a conception of sequence of events that usually occurs during an experience or a ______ can influence memory.

Answer 30

Schema
Script

Question 31

Erroneous memories that include info that was not actually experienced but inferred because it was expected and consistent with this schema

Answer 31

false memories

Question 32

Participants viewed slides of crime narrated by female then assigned to two groups: difficult and easy group; explain

Answer 32

difficult group: heard same female voice provide second narration of story with a few changed details then tested two days later

Easy group: heard a male voice provide the second narration of the same story with some details changed then tested immediately

Question 33

In the slides story narration experiment the difficult condition made more ____________ (3).

Answer 33

source monitoring errors

Question 34

information presented after a memory is formed can change how that memory is remembered later

Eg:

how much glass was there when the cars BUMPED into each other vs. how much glass was there when the cars SMASHED into each other

This is called the:

Answer 34

misinformation effect

Question 35

the misinformation effect in which information presented after the event can change how it’s remembered, is proof that memory is _______ and not just collected

Answer 35

constructed

Question 36

Creating false memories photoshopped hot air balloon pics: participants initially denied it then the next week were like oh yeah I actually forgot that happened, proving that memories can be ______.

Answer 36

constructed

Question 37

People tend to assume ____________ (2) or things we see and remember things more accurately than we actually do because people think level of confidence = accuracy

Answer 37

eyewitness testimony

Question 38

False trial with perpetrator not on the list study when asking for eyewitness testimonies to make sure people aren’t just assuming stuff.

This not happening and people just assuming people are on the list is exactly why __________ occurs.

Answer 38

incarceration

Question 39

False memories and errors in memories can occur due to the level of _______ a person is putting on the event, and the level of _______ they’re feeling

Answer 39

attention
arousal (fear context)

Question 40

Feelings of familiarity are also called

Answer 40

source monitoring errors - we thought the info was from one thing but it was actually from another; accidentally identify male teacher as robber :/

Question 41

Optogenic reactivation of hippocampal neurons activate __________ (3).

Answer 41

fear based memories

Question 42

optogenic reactivation of hippocampal neurons to activate a fear based memory and genetically engineering specific neurons in mice to be scared of pulses of light.

_____________ (2) inferred memory retrieval of bad experience of light when exposed to light

Answer 42

freezing behaviour

Question 43

_________ or ________ (which is a beta blocker) is used to disrupt memory consolidation for traumatic experiences or rewrite traumatic experiences

• treatment for PTSD, think about their traumatic experience in a less heightened, more calm and rational state to make them less upset during their subsequent retrievals

Answer 43

propranolol (pro-pra-no-lol)
MDMA

Question 44

MDMA assisted psychotherapy is a treatment for

Answer 44

PTSD

Question 45

Memories are not only constructed, but dynamic and susceptible to _________.