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PSYCH 258 - COGNITIVE PSYCH > Attention > Flashcards

Attention Flashcards

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1
Q

Attention

A

refers to the ability to focus on specific information, stimuli, or locations in the environment

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2
Q

Selective attention

A

attending to one thing while ignoring others

  • when mom texts people and she can literally not hear anything around her
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3
Q

divided attention

A

paying attention to more than one thing at a time

Cooking - got many pots going on

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4
Q

Sustained attention

A

maintaining focus over long periods of time
- think of hyperfocus

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5
Q

spatial attention

A

attention across space

  • like when im lifeguard scanning a room for my phone cause idk where it is
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6
Q

Dichotic listening

A

Early paradigm used to study our control over selectively attending to certain auditory stimuli

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7
Q

shadowing in dichotic listening

A

repeating one message while ignoring the other

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8
Q

Cocktail party effect

A

ability to focus on stimulus while filtering out others

  • having to focus on one conversation and filtering out the other ones in the background
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9
Q

Broadbent’s filter model is what type of model

A

Process

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10
Q

Results of the dichotic listening test

A

we can selectively attend - filter one stimuli while focusing on another

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11
Q

Broadbent’s filter model is also known as the

A

early selection model

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12
Q

Broadbent’s filter model/early selection model

A

cognitive filter eliminates the unattended information RIGHT at the beginning of the flow of information

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13
Q

Stages of Broadbent’s Filter Model + brief explanation (4):

A

sensory memory -> filter -> detector -> memory (actual real)

  1. sensory memory - briefly holds on to incoming info; transfers info to filter
  2. filter - identifies attended message based on physical characteristics - only the attended on is passed to the next stage for more processing
  3. detector - processes all information passed by filter to determine higher level characteristics -> like an interpreter
  4. memory - receives stuff from detector and holds in short term memory for 10-15 seconds in which it could be moved to long term
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14
Q

Stages of Broadbent’s Filter Model in my own simple words:

A
  1. sensory memory - receives info to pass on
  2. filter - identifies if this is the info we even need
  3. detector - interprets - what does this info mean
  4. Memory - short term memory has detector info for 10-15 secs and if its lucky it’ll be transferred to long term memory
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15
Q

Treisman’s Attenuation Model main idea

A

(Revision of Broadbent’s model)

Idea that stuff in the unattended channel can still reach conscious awareness

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16
Q

Treisman’s Attenuation Model Process

A
  1. Attenuator - analyzes incoming message that puts into two diff streams:
    1. Attended message let through attenuator at full strength
    2. Unattended message let through at weaker strength but some traces still remain
  2. Dictionary Unit - contains words, each of which have experience-based thresholds for being activated - some words are more salient/attention catching than others
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17
Q

Dictionary Unit Thresholds explained:

A

low threshold: common or important words, like our NAMES

  • so even an unattended message that produces a weak signal can still reach conscious awareness if the associated threshold is low enough
  • that’s why at a party if you hear your name from somewhere in the crowd it’ll catch your attention immediately -> common and important; low threshold
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18
Q

Treisman agreed with Broadbent in the idea that:

A

attention operates at an early stage in the flow of info -> early selection model

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19
Q

Broadbent’s filter model and Treisman’s attenuation theory are examples of of _____________ (2) models.

A

early selection

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20
Q

McKay Late Selection Model

A

Attention happens after analyzing - in the later stages of processing

  • eg: “they threw stones at the bank” while the words “money” OR “river” were played in one ear
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21
Q

Two major components of load theory of attention:

A
  1. processing capacity
  2. Perceptual load (high vs. Low)
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22
Q

processing capacity

A

amount of info that a system can handle at any given moment

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23
Q

Perceptual load (high vs. Low)

A

difficulty of the perceptual requirements associated with the task

High-load - difficult tasks use larger amounts of processing ability leaving fewer resources

Low-load - easy tasks use smaller amounts of processing capacity leaving more free resources

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24
Q

The way you could see processing capacity is like

the way you could see perceptual load is

A

Filling a tank

Eating more of a pie and leaving less for later or eating less of a pie and leaving more for later so chill

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25
Q

Stroop effect

A

naming the colour of ink used to spell different colours

  • the interference between relatively automatic processes (reading the word) and perceptual identification (identifying the colour) makes this task difficult
  • automatic processes and perception INTERFERENCE FIGHTING
26
Q

Eye tracking is a research method well-suited for collecting data related to _________ .

A

attention

27
Q

eye tracking measures _______ (1) attention which is:

what type of research and everyday things is it used for:

A

overt attention - attention tied to where someone is looking

reading, visual search, any viewing research

ads, web design (think composition in art)
also just know social media is looking at your eyes looking around and reacting to the posts they seeee you…..

28
Q

Eye tracking data

A

where/when people looked + how long they looked

29
Q

Types of eye tracking data (5)

A
  1. Saccades
  2. Fixations
  3. Fixation duration
  4. Regressions
  5. Pupil Dilation
30
Q

Type of Eye Tracking data: Saccades

A

rapid eye movement

31
Q

Type of Eye Tracking data: fixations

A

short pauses on places of interest
(Probably me with sanemis forearms idk)

32
Q

Types of Eye Tracking Data: fixation of duration

A

duration of fixation - self explanatory

(I probably just stare at his forearms fr)

33
Q

Types of Eye Tracking Data: Regressions

A

revisiting something already fixated

(Again, i do be revisiting his forearms)

34
Q

Types of Eye Tracking Data: Pupil Dilation

A

provides index of autonomic activity

(Autonomic - flight or flight; rest and digest)

35
Q

Attentional capture

A

occurs when particularity salient properties of stimuli results in rapid and involuntary shifts of attention

(When shit stands out okay)

36
Q

Example of a semantic regularity:

A
  • people learn stop signs are typically placed by intersections - so they’re more likely to look for them at intersections
  • prior knowledge affects their search behaviour
37
Q

Difference between semantic regularities and scene schemas:

A

semantic regularities - expectations of what you will see - mental list and recalling of info

scene schema - a blueprint or MENTAL IMAGE of what you expect

  • One is more words and lists
  • other is mental image
38
Q

Semantic regularities and scene schemas both affect our

A

scanning behaviours and patterns

39
Q

Task Demands

A

determining where people look as they carry out a task - what is the sequence they look in and do the task in

  • high task demand -> task requires more attention
  • low task demand -> task requires less attention
40
Q

Task Demands provide insight into things like _________ (1) and _______________(2), and demonstrates the link between ___________ and ___________.

A

planning and decision making
perception and action

41
Q

Precueing

what type of attention is it associated with

A

thing prompting you for where you think something is going to be

Space-based

42
Q

Valid trial in precueing
invalid trial in precueing

A

arrow direction matches where object is gonna be

arrow direction doesn’t match

43
Q

What did the results of Posner’s space-based attention experiments reveal?

A

Subjects respond more quickly on valid trials and slower on invalid which shows that:

Information processing is more efficient where attention is directed

44
Q

spatial attention

A

attention that has bound to a specific location

  • eg: focusing on your friends face during a conversation with them at a party (not looking at the stuff around you)
45
Q

Spatial attention can also be known as

A

attentional spotlight

46
Q

Attention improves out ability to respond to objects - think about cueing prompt thing with arrow

A

think Egly 4 area the target could appear - push button as quickly as possible once target is spotted

47
Q

Same-object advantage

A

in Egly’s experiment, when the target didnt pop up wehre its as supposed to be, But it popped up on the other spot on the same object, that was found faster than when it popped up faster on the other object.

  • attention enhanced when items are placed on the same object because it’s easier to process them faster (we group them together)
48
Q

Characteristics of automatic processing (3)

A
  1. Occurs without intention
  2. May or may not involve conscious awareness
  3. Occurs at a cost of some to none of person’s cognitive resources (LOW perceptual load)
49
Q

SChenider and Shriffrin divided attention and automatic processing task (2 aspects)

A

memory set - 1-4 target characters that are to be searched for

test frames - rapid presentations of arrays of letter

50
Q

The process of automatization is developed through

A

practice

51
Q

Do you notice a change across the stimuli?

A

change detection

52
Q
  • not noticing a change
  • differences between different versions of stimuli are not perceived

(often occurs for changes that SHOULD be obvious)

A

Change blindness

53
Q

So focused on other stuff, you don’t notice a crazy change smack in the middle of your face

  • we won’t notice what we don’t attend to
A

inattentional blindness

54
Q

That one experiment where that one person asks for directions and as the person looks down at their phone some moving company people with a box walks between them and the person asking for directions switches races and most of the time the person giving the directions doesn’t even notice lol.

What does this experiment demonstrate?

A

change blindness

55
Q

Process by which FEATURES such as colour, form, motion, and location, are COMBINED to create our perception of a coherent object
- distributed representation taking place -> brain automatically puts all these pieces together

A

binding

56
Q

Features are extracted from objects which is automatic and THEN combined into whole coherent objects which takes attentional resources

A

Feature Integration Theory

57
Q

Preattentive stage + focused attention stage =

A

feature integration theory

58
Q

preattentive stage (FIT)

A

features extracted from objects automatically

59
Q

Focused attention stage (FIT)

A

Features combined into whole, coherent objects, attention needed

60
Q

Properties from different objects get erroneously bound together and perceived as being contained within the same object

  • mixing up perceptions
A

illusory conjuctions

PSYCH 258 - COGNITIVE PSYCH (8 decks)

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