Attention

Question 1

Attention

Answer 1

refers to the ability to focus on specific information, stimuli, or locations in the environment

Question 2

Selective attention

Answer 2

attending to one thing while ignoring others

• when mom texts people and she can literally not hear anything around her

Question 3

divided attention

Answer 3

paying attention to more than one thing at a time

Cooking - got many pots going on

Question 4

Sustained attention

Answer 4

maintaining focus over long periods of time
- think of hyperfocus

Question 5

spatial attention

Answer 5

attention across space

• like when im lifeguard scanning a room for my phone cause idk where it is

Question 6

Dichotic listening

Answer 6

Early paradigm used to study our control over selectively attending to certain auditory stimuli

Question 7

shadowing in dichotic listening

Answer 7

repeating one message while ignoring the other

Question 8

Cocktail party effect

Answer 8

ability to focus on stimulus while filtering out others

• having to focus on one conversation and filtering out the other ones in the background

Question 9

Broadbent’s filter model is what type of model

Answer 9

Process

Question 10

Results of the dichotic listening test

Answer 10

we can selectively attend - filter one stimuli while focusing on another

Question 11

Broadbent’s filter model is also known as the

Answer 11

early selection model

Question 12

Broadbent’s filter model/early selection model

Answer 12

cognitive filter eliminates the unattended information RIGHT at the beginning of the flow of information

Question 13

Stages of Broadbent’s Filter Model + brief explanation (4):

Answer 13

sensory memory -> filter -> detector -> memory (actual real)

1. sensory memory - briefly holds on to incoming info; transfers info to filter
2. filter - identifies attended message based on physical characteristics - only the attended on is passed to the next stage for more processing
3. detector - processes all information passed by filter to determine higher level characteristics -> like an interpreter
4. memory - receives stuff from detector and holds in short term memory for 10-15 seconds in which it could be moved to long term

Question 14

Stages of Broadbent’s Filter Model in my own simple words:

Answer 14

1. sensory memory - receives info to pass on
2. filter - identifies if this is the info we even need
3. detector - interprets - what does this info mean
4. Memory - short term memory has detector info for 10-15 secs and if its lucky it’ll be transferred to long term memory

Question 15

Treisman’s Attenuation Model main idea

Answer 15

(Revision of Broadbent’s model)

Idea that stuff in the unattended channel can still reach conscious awareness

Question 16

Treisman’s Attenuation Model Process

Answer 16

1. Attenuator - analyzes incoming message that puts into two diff streams:
   
   1. Attended message let through attenuator at full strength
   2. Unattended message let through at weaker strength but some traces still remain
2. Dictionary Unit - contains words, each of which have experience-based thresholds for being activated - some words are more salient/attention catching than others

Question 17

Dictionary Unit Thresholds explained:

Answer 17

low threshold: common or important words, like our NAMES

• so even an unattended message that produces a weak signal can still reach conscious awareness if the associated threshold is low enough
• that’s why at a party if you hear your name from somewhere in the crowd it’ll catch your attention immediately -> common and important; low threshold

Question 18

Treisman agreed with Broadbent in the idea that:

Answer 18

attention operates at an early stage in the flow of info -> early selection model

Question 19

Broadbent’s filter model and Treisman’s attenuation theory are examples of of _____________ (2) models.

Answer 19

early selection

Question 20

McKay Late Selection Model

Answer 20

Attention happens after analyzing - in the later stages of processing

• eg: “they threw stones at the bank” while the words “money” OR “river” were played in one ear

Question 21

Two major components of load theory of attention:

Answer 21

1. processing capacity
2. Perceptual load (high vs. Low)

Question 22

processing capacity

Answer 22

amount of info that a system can handle at any given moment

Question 23

Perceptual load (high vs. Low)

Answer 23

difficulty of the perceptual requirements associated with the task

High-load - difficult tasks use larger amounts of processing ability leaving fewer resources

Low-load - easy tasks use smaller amounts of processing capacity leaving more free resources

Question 24

The way you could see processing capacity is like

the way you could see perceptual load is

Answer 24

Filling a tank

Eating more of a pie and leaving less for later or eating less of a pie and leaving more for later so chill

Question 25

Stroop effect

Answer 25

naming the colour of ink used to spell different colours - the interference between relatively automatic processes (reading the word) and perceptual identification (identifying the colour) makes this task difficult - automatic processes and perception INTERFERENCE FIGHTING

Question 26

Eye tracking is a research method well-suited for collecting data related to _________ .

Answer 26

attention

Question 27

eye tracking measures _______ (1) attention which is: what type of research and everyday things is it used for:

Answer 27

overt attention - attention tied to where someone is looking reading, visual search, any viewing research ads, web design (think composition in art) also just know social media is looking at your eyes looking around and reacting to the posts they seeee you…..

Question 28

Eye tracking data

Answer 28

where/when people looked + how long they looked

Question 29

Types of eye tracking data (5)

Answer 29

1. Saccades 2. Fixations 3. Fixation duration 4. Regressions 5. Pupil Dilation

Question 30

Type of Eye Tracking data: Saccades

Answer 30

rapid eye movement

Question 31

Type of Eye Tracking data: fixations

Answer 31

short pauses on places of interest (Probably me with sanemis forearms idk)

Question 32

Types of Eye Tracking Data: fixation of duration

Answer 32

duration of fixation - self explanatory (I probably just stare at his forearms fr)

Question 33

Types of Eye Tracking Data: Regressions

Answer 33

revisiting something already fixated (Again, i do be revisiting his forearms)

Question 34

Types of Eye Tracking Data: Pupil Dilation

Answer 34

provides index of autonomic activity (Autonomic - flight or flight; rest and digest)

Question 35

Attentional capture

Answer 35

occurs when particularity salient properties of stimuli results in rapid and involuntary shifts of attention (When shit stands out okay)

Question 36

Example of a semantic regularity:

Answer 36

- people learn stop signs are typically placed by intersections - so they’re more likely to look for them at intersections - prior knowledge affects their search behaviour

Question 37

Difference between semantic regularities and scene schemas:

Answer 37

semantic regularities - expectations of what you will see - mental list and recalling of info scene schema - a blueprint or MENTAL IMAGE of what you expect - One is more words and lists - other is mental image

Question 38

Semantic regularities and scene schemas both affect our

Answer 38

scanning behaviours and patterns

Question 39

Task Demands

Answer 39

determining where people look as they carry out a task - what is the sequence they look in and do the task in - high task demand -> task requires more attention - low task demand -> task requires less attention

Question 40

Task Demands provide insight into things like _________ (1) and _______________(2), and demonstrates the link between ___________ and ___________.

Answer 40

planning and decision making perception and action

Question 41

Precueing what type of attention is it associated with

Answer 41

thing prompting you for where you think something is going to be Space-based

Question 42

Valid trial in precueing invalid trial in precueing

Answer 42

arrow direction matches where object is gonna be arrow direction doesn’t match

Question 43

What did the results of Posner’s space-based attention experiments reveal?

Answer 43

Subjects respond more quickly on valid trials and slower on invalid which shows that: Information processing is more efficient where attention is directed

Question 44

spatial attention

Answer 44

attention that has bound to a specific location - eg: focusing on your friends face during a conversation with them at a party (not looking at the stuff around you)

Question 45

Spatial attention can also be known as

Answer 45

attentional spotlight

Question 46

Attention improves out ability to respond to objects - think about cueing prompt thing with arrow

Answer 46

think Egly 4 area the target could appear - push button as quickly as possible once target is spotted

Question 47

Same-object advantage

Answer 47

in Egly’s experiment, when the target didnt pop up wehre its as supposed to be, But it popped up on the other spot on the same object, that was found faster than when it popped up faster on the other object. - attention enhanced when items are placed on the same object because it’s easier to process them faster (we group them together)

Question 48

Characteristics of automatic processing (3)

Answer 48

1. Occurs without intention 2. May or may not involve conscious awareness 3. Occurs at a cost of some to none of person’s cognitive resources (LOW perceptual load)

Question 49

SChenider and Shriffrin divided attention and automatic processing task (2 aspects)

Answer 49

memory set - 1-4 target characters that are to be searched for test frames - rapid presentations of arrays of letter

Question 50

The process of automatization is developed through

Answer 50

practice

Question 51

Do you notice a change across the stimuli?

Answer 51

change detection

Question 52

- not noticing a change - differences between different versions of stimuli are not perceived (often occurs for changes that SHOULD be obvious)

Answer 52

Change blindness

Question 53

So focused on other stuff, you don’t notice a crazy change smack in the middle of your face - we won’t notice what we don’t attend to

Answer 53

inattentional blindness

Question 54

That one experiment where that one person asks for directions and as the person looks down at their phone some moving company people with a box walks between them and the person asking for directions switches races and most of the time the person giving the directions doesn’t even notice lol. What does this experiment demonstrate?

Answer 54

change blindness

Question 55

Process by which FEATURES such as colour, form, motion, and location, are COMBINED to create our perception of a coherent object - distributed representation taking place -> brain automatically puts all these pieces together

Answer 55

binding

Question 56

Features are extracted from objects which is automatic and THEN combined into whole coherent objects which takes attentional resources

Answer 56

Feature Integration Theory

Question 57

Preattentive stage + focused attention stage =

Answer 57

feature integration theory

Question 58

preattentive stage (FIT)

Answer 58

features extracted from objects automatically

Question 59

Focused attention stage (FIT)

Answer 59

Features combined into whole, coherent objects, attention needed

Question 60

Properties from different objects get erroneously bound together and perceived as being contained within the same object - mixing up perceptions

Answer 60

illusory conjuctions